Abstract
The novel free-from deformation (FFD) technique presented in the paper uses scalar fields defined by skeletons with arbitrary topology. The technique embeds objects into the scalar field by assigning a field value to each point of the objects. When the space of the skeleton is changed, the distribution of the scalar field changes accordingly, which implicitly defines a deformation of the space. The generality of skeletons assures that the technique can freely define deformable regions to produce a broader range of shape deformations.
References
Barr, A., 1984, Global and local deformation of solid primitives.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH' 84,Computer Graphics,18(3): 21–30.
Blinn, J., 1982. A generalization of algebraic surface drawing.ACM Trans. Graphics,1(3): 135–256.
Borrel, P. and Bechmann, D., 1991. Deformation of N-dimensional objects.International Journal of Computational Geometry & Applications,1: 427–453.
Cohen-Or, D., Levin, D. and Solomovici, A., 1998. Three-dimensional distance field metamorphosis.ACM Transactions on Graphics,17(2): 116–141.
Coquillart, S., 1991. Extend free-form deformation: A sculpturing tool for 3D geometric models.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH' 91,Computer Graphics,25(4): 21–26.
Eck, M., Derose, T., Duchamp, T., Hoppe, H., Lounsbery, M. and Stuetzle, W., 1995. Multiresolution Analysis of Arbitrary Meshes. Proceedings SIGGRAPH' 95, ACM Press, New York, p. 173–182.
Fang, X., Bao, H., Heng, P. A., Wang, T. T. and Peng, Q. S., 2001. Continuous field-based free-form surface modeling and morphing.Computer & Graphics,25 (2): 235–243.
Griessmair, J. and Purgathoter, W., 1989. Deformation of Solids with Trivariate B-Splines. Eurographics' 89, North-Holland, p. 137–148.
Hoppe, H., 1996. Progressive Meshes. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH' 96, Annual Conference Series, ACM Press, New York, p. 99–108.
Hsu, W., Hughes, J. and Kaufmann, H., 1992. Direct manipulation of free-form deformations.Computer Graphics,26: 177–184.
Kobbelt, L., Campagna, S., Vorsatz, J. and Seidel, H. P., 1998. Interactive Multi-Resolution Modeling on Arbitrary Meshes. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH' 98. ACM Press, New York, p. 105–114.
Lamousin, H. J. and Waggenspack, W. N., 1994. NURBS-based free-form deformation.IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications,14(6): 59–65.
Lazarus, F., Coquillart, S. and Jancene, P., 1994. Axial deformations: an intuitive deformation technique.Computer-Aided Design,26(8): 607–613.
Lee, A., Sweldens, W., Schröder, P., Cowsar, L. and Dodkin, D., 1998. MAPS: Multiresolution Adaptive Parameterization of Surfaces. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'98, ACM Press, New York, p. 95–104.
MacCracken, R. and Joy, K. I., 1996. Free-Form Deformation with Lattices of Arbitrary Topology. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'96, ACM Press, New York, p. 181–188.
Nishimura, H., Hirai, M., Kawai, T., Kawata, T., Shirakawa, I. and Omura, K., 1985. Object modeling by distribution function and a method of image generation.Transactions of the Institute of Electronics and Communication Engineers of Japan,J68-D(4): 718–725.
Sederberg, T. W. and Parry, S., 1986. Free-form deformation of solid geometric models.Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'86,Computer Graphics,20(4): 151–160.
Singh, K. and Fiume, E., 1998. Wires: A Geometric Deformation Technique. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH' 98, ACM Press, New York, p. 405–414.
Turk, G. and O'Brien, J., 1999. Shape Transformation Using Variational Implicit Functions. Proceedings of SIGGRAPH'99, ACM Press, New York, p. 335–342.
Wyvill, G., McPheeters, C. and Wyvill, B., 1986. Data structure for soft objects.The Visual Computer,2(4): 227–234.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 60133020, 60021201) and by the National Grand Fundamental Research 973 (No. 2002CB312104) and the key Project of Education Ministry of China (No. 01094)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Xu-jia, Q., Wei, H., Xiang, F. et al. GFFD: Generalized free-form deformation with scalar fields. J. Zheijang Univ.-Sci. 4, 623–629 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1631/BF02851601
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1631/BF02851601