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Performance evaluation of axially loaded BFRP-reinforced concrete members confined with hybrid helix-ties

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Abstract

These days, fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) are being widely accepted in reinforced concrete structures because of their efficient structural performance and corrosion resistance. Efficient lateral confinement to the FRP-reinforced concrete compressive members is essential for their better performance due to the lower modulus of elasticity of basalt-FRP (BFRP) rebars. The combined usage of BFRP helices as transverse reinforcement in FRP-reinforced concrete members is not well examined in the body of literature currently in publication, especially in a variety of configurations. To better understand different transverse reinforcement configurations in FRP-reinforced concrete compressive members, this study is now underway. A combination of internal and external BFRP ties for dual restraints, an internal BFRP helix, external BFRP ties, and single BFRP ties are some of these designs. The investigation explores several aspects of the manufactured components, including the diameter of the longitudinal reinforcement, the type of material used for the transverse reinforcement, the vertical tie spacing, and various tie arrangements. In addition, a unique theoretical model that considers the contributions of both longitudinal and transverse BFRP rebars is put out to forecast the axial strength of the members that are created. When compared to the other two configurations, the results show that the application of BFRP combined helix-ties transverse reinforcement in FRP-reinforced concrete elements is the most effective in terms of core confinement and axial strength. Members with double BFRP ties and internal BFRP helix, as well as those with external BFRP ties, show enhanced axial strengths by 23% and 7%, respectively, in comparison to members with single BFRP ties. Secondary peaks in the load-deformation curves also show that members' ductility increases when the vertical distance between transverse reinforcement is reduced. The inclusion of FRP rebars in the study accounts for the notable higher accuracy of the proposed theoretical model as compared to earlier models, with only a 4% deviation from experimental results.

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Data availability

All data have been presented in the work.

Abbreviations

FRP:

Fiber-reinforced polymers

RC:

Reinforced concrete

\({f}_{c}^{\prime}\) :

Unconfined concrete compressive strength

\({f}_{cc}\) :

Confined concrete compressive strength

ST:

Single rectangular BFRP ties

HT:

External BFRP ties and internal BFRP helix

DT:

Internal and external BFRP ties

\({\varepsilon }_{r}\) :

Transversely loaded concrete strain

\({\varepsilon }_{v}\) :

Volumetric strain of concrete

\({\varepsilon }_{c}\) :

Axially loaded concrete strain

ETCS:

Effective transverse confinement stress

\({f}_{lr}^{\prime}\) :

ETCS of the BFRP rectangular ties

\({f}_{ls}^{\prime}\) :

ETCS of the BFRP helix

\({k}_{e1}\) :

Confinement effective coefficient

\(E\) :

Elastic modulus of BFRP ties/helix

\({A}_{frp}\) :

Cross-sectional area of BFRP ties/helix

\(S\) :

Vertical distance of ties/helix

\({d}_{s}\) :

Diameter of the core

\({\varepsilon }_{p}\) :

Plastic strain deformation of concrete

\({A}_{g}\) :

Cross-sectional area of column

\({E}_{frp}\) :

Main FRP bar’s elastic modulus

\({N}_{co}\) :

Axial strength carried by unconfined area of concrete

\({N}_{c1}\) :

Axial strength carried by doubly confined area of concrete

\({A}_{frp1}\) :

Area of the longitudinal rebars in doubly confined areas of column

\({f}_{cc1}^{\prime}\) :

Maximum compressive stress of restrained concrete in doubly confined areas of column

\({\varepsilon }_{c}\) :

Axial strain of concrete

\({\varepsilon }_{sti}\) :

Average strain observed in transverse ties

\({P}_{max}\) :

Maximum applied loading

\({\varepsilon }_{bar}\) :

Strain in longitudinal rebars at maximum loading

\({\varepsilon }_{c65}\) :

Axial strain of concrete having 65% post-damaging maximum load

\({f}_{bs}\) :

Tensile strength at bent areas of BFRP helix

\(\mu \) :

Ductility coefficient

\({\varepsilon }_{c85}\) :

Axial strain in concrete at 85% peak load in post-damaging stage

\({\varepsilon }_{c1}\) :

Axially loaded concrete strain in elastic region

\({\varepsilon }_{ties}\) :

Mean strain in the outer rectangular BFRP ties

\({\varepsilon }_{helix}\) :

Mean strain in BFRP helix

\({A}_{cc}\) :

Cross-sectional area of core

\({A}_{e}\) :

Area of efficiently confined core concrete

\({s}^{\prime}\) :

Vertical clear distance of the helix

\({\rho }_{cc}\) :

Ratio of areas of rebars to core

\({k}_{e2}\) :

Effective constraint coefficient

\({f}_{br}\) :

Tensile stress of the rectangular ties bent part

\({A}_{sx}\) :

Ties area in the \(x\) direction

\({A}_{sy}\) :

Ties area in the \(y\) direction

\({b}_{c}\) :

Centerline dimensions of ties around the core in the x axis

\({d}_{c}\) :

Centerline dimensions of ties around the core in the y axis

\({N}_{c2}\) :

Axial strength carried by singly confined area of concrete

\({N}_{frp}\) :

Axial strength of the main BFRP rebars

\({A}_{frp2}\) :

Area of the longitudinal rebars in singly confined areas of column

\({f}_{cc2}^{\prime}\) :

Maximum compressive stress of restrained concrete in singly confined areas of column

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Acknowledgements

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through large group Research Project under Grant Number RGP 2/365/44.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, PO Box 394, 61411, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

    Ahmed Babeker Elhag & Khaled Mohamed Elhadi

  2. College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, 11942, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia

    Abdellatif Selmi

  3. Civil Engineering, Laboratory, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieurs de Tunis (ENIT), Le Belvédère 1002, B.P. 37, Tunis, Tunisia

    Abdellatif Selmi

  4. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Taxila, 47050, Pakistan

    Ali Raza & Hammad Haider

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  1. Ahmed Babeker Elhag
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Elhag, A.B., Selmi, A., Raza, A. et al. Performance evaluation of axially loaded BFRP-reinforced concrete members confined with hybrid helix-ties. Mater Struct 57, 29 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-024-02301-5

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