Abstract
Knowledge of the transport properties of chloride in unsaturated concrete subjected to sustained tensile loading is essential for evaluating the durability and predicting the service life of reinforced concrete structures. The objective of this study is to fill this gap by correlating the change in water/chloride diffusivity and penetration profiles with an increasing tensile stress level on unsaturated concrete. A theoretical framework for predicting the one-dimensional movement of chloride into unsaturated concrete under tensile stress state, which is closely associated with capillary absorption of water, is presented. An improved test apparatus aimed for the coupled effect of sustained loading and chloride penetration was designed to real-timely measure the amount of water solution absorbed by the cylindrical hollow concrete specimen. A series of chloride transport experiments were conducted on the saturated, half-saturated and fully dried concrete (i.e. ST, HST and DT) respectively subjected to several tensile stress levels (i.e. 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50% of peak tensile strength). Quantitative data on the profiles of chloride penetration into concrete were acquired to validate the proposed theoretical model. The experimental results indicated that the water/chloride diffusivity and the chloride content increase with the increase of tensile stress level in the range of 0–50%. The quantitative relationship between the water/chloride diffusivity and tensile stress level was obtained. On the basis of above analysis, the numerical results of chloride profiles obtained by the proposed model were in good agreement with those of experimental measurement under various tensile stress levels.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Saetta AV, Scotta RV, Vitaliani RV (1993) Analysis of chloride diffusion into partially saturated concrete. ACI Mater J 90(5):441–451
Costa A, Appleton J (1999) Chloride penetration into concrete in marine environment—Part I: main parameters affecting chloride penetration. Mater Struct 32(4):252–259
Costa A, Appleton J (1999) Chloride penetration into concrete in marine environment—Part II: prediction of long term chloride penetration. Mater Struct 32(5):354–359
Ožbolt J, Balabanic G, Periskic G, Kuster M (2010) Modelling the effect of damage on transport processes in concrete. Constr Build Mater 24(9):1638–1648
Lin G, Liu Y, Xiang Z (2010) Numerical modeling for predicting service life of reinforced concrete structures exposed to chloride environments. Cem Concr Compos 32(8):571–579
Xi Y, Bažant ZP (1999) Modeling chloride penetration in saturated concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 11(1):58–65
Bentz DP, Garboczi EJ, Lu Y, Margys N, Sakulich AR, Jason Weiss W (2013) Modeling of the influence of transverse cracking on chloride penetration into concrete. Cem Concr Compos 38(2):65–74
Liu QF, Easterbrook D, Yang J, Li LY (2015) A three-phase, multi-component ionic transport model for simulation of chloride penetration in concrete. Eng Struct 86:122–133
Medeiros MH, Helene P (2009) Surface treatment of reinforced concrete in marine environment: influence on chloride diffusion coefficient and capillary water absorption. Constr Build Mater 23(3):1476–1484
Bastidas-Arteaga E, Chateauneuf A, Sánchez-Silva M, Bressolette P, Schoefs F (2011) A comprehensive probabilistic model of chloride ingress in unsaturated concrete. Eng Struct 33(3):720–730
Boddy A, Bentz E, Thomas MDA, Hooton RD (1999) An overview and sensitivity study of a multimechanistic chloride transport model. Cem Concr Res 29(6):827–837
Ababneh A, Benboudjema F, Xi Y (2003) Chloride penetration in nonsaturated concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 15(2):183–191
Ishida T, Iqbal PO, Anh HTL (2009) Modeling of chloride diffusivity coupled with non-linear binding capacity in sound and cracked concrete. Cem Concr Res 39(10):913–923
Conciatori D, Sadouki H, Brühwiler E (2008) Capillary suction and diffusion model for chloride ingress into concrete. Cem Concr Res 38(12):1401–1408
Fraj AB, Bonnet S, Khelidj A (2012) New approach for coupled chloride/moisture transport in non-saturated concrete with and without slag. Constr Build Mater 35:761–771
Climent MA, de Vera G, López JF, Viqueira E, Andrade C (2002) A test method for measuring chloride diffusion coefficients through nonsaturated concrete—Part I: the instantaneous plane source diffusion case. Cem Concr Res 32(7):1113–1123
de Vera G, Climent MA, Viqueira E, Antón C, Andrade C (2007) A test method for measuring chloride diffusion coefficients through partially saturated concrete—Part II: the instantaneous plane source diffusion case with chloride binding consideration. Cem Concr Res 37(5):714–724
de Vera G, Climent MA, Viqueira E, Antón C, López MP (2014) Chloride penetration prediction in concrete through an empirical model based on constant flux diffusion. J Mater Civ Eng 27(8):04014231
Nguyen TQ, Petković J, Dangla P, Baroghel-Bouny V (2008) Modelling of coupled ion and moisture transport in porous building materials. Constr Build Mater 22(11):2185–2195
Iqbal PON, Ishida T (2009) Modeling of chloride transport coupled with enhanced moisture conductivity in concrete exposed to marine environment. Cem Concr Res 39(4):329–339
Zhang Y, Zhang M (2014) Transport properties in unsaturated cement-based materials—A review. Constr Build Mater 72:367–379
Pradelle S, Thiéry M, Baroghel-Bouny V (2016) Comparison of existing chloride ingress models within concretes exposed to seawater. Mater Struct 49:4497–4516
Hoseini M, Bindiganavile V, Banthia N (2009) The effect of mechanical stress on permeability of concrete: a review. Cem Concr Compos 31(4):213–220
Gowripalan N, Sirivivatnanon V, Lim CC (2000) Chloride diffusivity of concrete cracked in flexure. Cem Concr Res 30(5):725–730
Lim CC, Gowripalan N, Sirivivatnanon V (2000) Microcracking and chloride permeability of concrete under uniaxial compression. Cem Concr Compos 22(5):353–360
Wang H, Lu C, Jin W, Bai Y (2011) Effect of external loads on chloride transport in concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 23(7):1043–1049
Rahman MK, Al-Kutti WA, Shazali MA, Baluch MH (2012) Simulation of chloride migration in compression-induced damage in concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 24(7):789–796
Djerbi Tegguer A, Bonnet S, Khelidj A, Baroghel-Bouny V (2013) Effect of uniaxial compressive loading on gas permeability and chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete and their relationship. Cem Concr Res 52:131–139
Şahmaran M, Yaman IÖ (2008) Influence of transverse crack width on reinforcement corrosion initiation and propagation in mortar beams. Can J Civ Eng 35(3):236–245
Al-Kutti WA, Rahman MK, Shazali MA, Baluch MH (2014) Enhancement in chloride diffusivity due to flexural damage in reinforced concrete beams. J Mater Civ Eng 26(4):658–667
Zhou C, Li K (2015) Transport properties of concrete altered by crack-induced damage. J Mater Civ Eng 27(2):A4014001
Fu C, Ye H, Jin X, Yan D, Jin N, Peng Z (2016) Chloride penetration into concrete damaged by uniaxial tensile fatigue loading. Constr Build Mater 125:714–723
Rastiello G, Boulay C, Dal Pont S, Tailhan JL, Rossi P (2014) Real-time water permeability evolution of a localized crack in concrete under loading. Cem Concr Res 56:20–28
Sakoi Y, Horiguchi T (2006) Loading effects on chloride penetration of fiber reinforced concrete. In: Proceedings of the 2nd international fib congress
Kim DH, Shimura K, Horiguchi T (2010) Effect of tensile loading on chloride penetration of concrete mixed with granulated blast furnace slag. J Adv Concr Technol 8(1):27–34
Li H, Wu J, Song Y, Wang Z (2014) Effect of external loads on chloride diffusion coefficient of concrete with fly ash and blast furnace slag. J Mater Civ Eng 26(9):04014053
Fu C, Jin X, Ye H, Jin N (2015) Theoretical and experimental investigation of loading effects on chloride diffusion in saturated concrete. J Adv Concr Technol 13(1):30–43
Wang HL, Dai JG, Sun XY, Zhang XL (2016) Time-dependent and stress-dependent chloride diffusivity of concrete subjected to sustained compressive loading. J Mater Civ Eng 28(8):04016059
Wang J, Basheer PAM, Nanukuttan SV, Long AE, Bai Y (2016) Influence of service loading and the resulting micro-cracks on chloride resistance of concrete. Constr Build Mater 108:56–66
Yao Y, Wang L, Wittmann FH, De Belie N, Schlangen E, Alava HE, Wang Z, Kessker S, Gegkeb C, Yunus BM, Li J, Li W, Setzer MJ, Xing F, Cao Y (2017) Test methods to determine durability of concrete under combined environmental actions and mechanical load: final report of RILEM TC 246-TDC. Mater Struct 50(2):123
Jin L, Zhang R, Du X, Li Y (2015) Multi-scale analytical theory of the diffusivity of concrete subjected to mechanical stress. Constr Build Mater 95:171–185
Du X, Jin L, Zhang R (2015) Chloride diffusivity in saturated cement paste subjected to external mechanical loadings. Ocean Eng 95:1–10
Xu J, Li F (2017) Analytical model for load dependence of chloride penetration into concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 29(5):04016279
Hall C (1989) Water sorptivity of mortars and concretes: a review. Mag Concr Res 41(147):51–61
Lockington DA, Parlange JY, Dux P (1999) Sorptivity and the estimation of water penetration into unsaturated concrete. Mater Struct 32(5):342–347
ASTM C1585-04 (2004) Standard test method for measurement of rate of absorption of water by hydraulic-cement concretes. In: Annual book of ASTM standards. West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
Leech C, Lockington D, Dux P (2003) Unsaturated diffusivity functions for concrete derived from NMR images. Mater Struct 36(6):413–418
Wang L, Ueda T (2011) Mesoscale modeling of water penetration into concrete by capillary absorption. Ocean Eng 38(4):519–528
Zhou C (2014) General solution of hydraulic diffusivity from sorptivity test. Cem Concr Res 58:152–160
Akita H, Fujiwara T, Ozaka Y (1997) A practical procedure for the analysis of moisture transfer within concrete due to drying. Mag Concr Res 49(179):129–137
Claisse PA, Elsayad HI, Shaaban IG (1997) Absorption and sorptivity of cover concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 9:105–110
MCC (Ministry of Communications of China) JTJ 270–98 (1998) Testing code of concrete for port and waterway engineering. Profession Standard of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing
ASTM C1218-17 (2017) Standard test method for water-soluble chloride in mortar and concrete. In: Annual book of ASTM standards. West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States
Bažant ZP, Najjar LJ (1972) Nonlinear water diffusion in nonsaturated concrete. Mater Struct 5(1):3–20
Wilson MA, Hoff WD, Hall C (1991) Water movement in porous building materials—X. Absorption from a small cylindrical cavity. Build Environ 26(2):143–152
Bao J, Wang L (2017) Effect of short-term sustained uniaxial loadings on water absorption of concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 29(3):04016234
Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51378090) and the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program, Nos. 2015CB057701; 2015CB057703).Their supports are gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, L., Bao, J. Investigation on chloride penetration into unsaturated concrete under short-term sustained tensile loading. Mater Struct 50, 227 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1095-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1095-6