Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Performance of scrap tire steel fibers in OPC and alkali-activated mortars

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Materials and Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, the mechanical strength, total porosity and corrosion performance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC), class F fly ash (PFA) and metakaolin (MK) alkali-activated mortars (AAM) reinforced with 1 and 2% mass fraction of scrap tire steel fibers (SSF) were investigated. The accelerated corrosion test comprised of immersion of specimens in a 5% NaCl solution and specimen electrical resistivity measurements over a three-month period. Thereafter, surface and internal corrosion of SSF in these matrices were also characterized using image analyses. Compressive and the four-point flexural strength were assessed before (28-day cured specimens) and after accelerated corrosion testing. The results indicate that SSF may be employed as discrete fiber reinforcement for OPC and AAM mixtures, as the former improves deformation and toughness of the mortars even after the accelerated corrosion testing. Nonetheless AAM presented higher porosity and reduced electrical resistivity than OPC mortars, probably due to alkali leaching. While the surface and internal corrosion performance of the SSF-reinforced MK-based AAM was poor, PFA-based AAM presented internal corrosion comparable to that of the OPC mortar, as well as the lowest surface corrosion among the mortars studied.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) (2010) End-of-life tires: A framework for effective management systems prepared by the WBCSD tire industry project: Downloaded on 2nd January, 2016. From http://wbcsdservers.org/wbcsdpublications/cd_files/datas/business-solutions/tire/pdf/A Framework for effective management systems.pdf

  2. Ling TC, Nor HM, Hainin MR (2009) Properties of crumb rubber concrete paving blocks with SBR latex. Road Mater Pavement Des 10(1):213–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Sukontasukkul P (2009) Use of crumb rubber to improve thermal and sound properties of precast concrete panel. Constr Build Mater 23:1084–1092

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Zheng L, Huo S, Yuan Y (2008) Experimental investigation on dynamic properties of rubberized concrete. Constr Build Mater 22:939–947

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. RMA (Rubber Manufacturers Association) (2015) Assessment of markets for fiber and steel produced from recycling waste tires. From RMA, publications. Retrieved on 3rd February, 2016, from. http://www.rma.org/download/scrap-tires/processing/PRO-011

  6. Banthia N, Moncef A, Chokri K, Sheng J (1994) Micro-fiber reinforced cement composites. I. Uniaxial tensile response. Can J Civil Eng 21(6):999–1011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Banthia N, Sheng J (1996) Fracture toughness of micro-fiber reinforced cement composites. Cem Concr Comp 18(4):251–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Tlemat H, Pilakoutas K, Neocleous K (2003) Flexural toughness of SFRC made with fibres extracted from tyres. In: Proceedings of international symposium on advances in waste management and recycling, Dundee, pp 365–374

  9. Centonze G, Leone M, Aiello MA (2012) Steel fibers from waste tires as reinforcement in concrete: a mechanical characterization. Constr Build Mater 36:46–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Martinelli E, Caggiano A, Xargay H (2015) An experimental study on the post-cracking behaviour of hybrid industrial/recycled steel fiber-reinforced concrete. Constr Build Mater 94:290–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Caggiano A, Xargay H, Folino P, Martinelli E (2015) Experimental and numerical characterization of the bond behavior of steel fibers recovered from waste tires embedded in cementitious matrices. Cem Concr Compos 62:146–155

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Mangat P, Gurusamy K (1988) Corrosion resistance of steel fibres in concrete under marine exposure. Cem Concr Res 18:44–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Janotka I, Krajcí L, Komlos K, Frtalová D (1989) Chloride corrosion of steel fibre reinforcement in cement mortar. Int J Cem Compos Light Concr 11(4):221–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Balouch SU, Forth JP, Granju JL (2010) Surface corrosion of steel fibre reinforced concrete. Cem Concr Res 40(3):410–414

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Graeff AG, Pilakoutas K, Lynsdale C, Neocleous K (2009) Corrosion durability of recycled steel fibre reinforced concrete. Intersections 6(4):77–89

    Google Scholar 

  16. Roy DM, Jiang W, Silsbee MR (2000) Chloride diffusion in ordinary blended and alkali-activated cement pastes. Cem Concr Res 30:1879–1884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Saraswathy V, Muralidharan S, Thangavel K, Srinivasan S (2003) Influence of activated fly ash on corrosion resistance and strength of concrete. Cem Concr Res 25:673–680

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Fernández-Jiménez A, García-Lodeiro I, Palomo A (2007) Durability of alkaliactivated fly ash cementitious materials. J Mater Sci 42:3055–3065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Provis JL, Yong CZ, Duxson P, van Deventer JSJ (2009) Correlating mechanical and thermal properties of sodium silicate-fly ash geopolymers. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 336:57–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) C109 (2016) Standard test method for compressive strength of hydraulic-cement mortars. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM C 109–16

  21. ASTM C1609 (2012) Standard test method for flexural performance of fiber-reinforced concrete (using beam with third-point loading). ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM C 1609–12

  22. ASTM C642 (2013) Standard test method for density, absorption, and voids in hardened concrete. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, ASTM C 642–13

  23. Granju JL, Balouch SU (2005) Corrosion of steel fibre reinforced concrete from the cracks. Cem Concr Res 35(3):572–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kosa K, Naaman AE (1990) Corrosion of steel fiber reinforced concrete. ACI Mater J 13(4):239–245

    Google Scholar 

  25. Kosa K, Naaman AE, Hansen W (1991) Durability of fiber reinforced mortar. ACI Mater J 88(3):310–319

    Google Scholar 

  26. Temuujin J, Van Riessen A, Williams R (2009) Influence of calcium compounds on the mechanical properties of fly ash geopolymer paste. J Hazard Mater 2:8–9

    Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang Z, Yao X, Zhu H (2010) Potential application of geopolymers as protection coatings for marine concrete. II. Microstructure and anticorrosion mechanism. Appl Clay Sci 49:7–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Lloyd R, Provis J, Van Deventer SJS (2010) Pore solution composition and alkali diffusion in inorganic polymer cement. Cem Concr Res 40:1386–1392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Erdélyi A, Csányi E, Kopecskó K, Borosnyói A, Fenyvesi O (2008) Deterioration of steel fibre reinforced concrete by freeze-thaw and de-icing salts. Concr Struct 9:33–44

    Google Scholar 

  30. Solgaard AOS, Geiker M, Edvardsen C, Küter A (2013) Observations on the electrical resistivity of steel fibre reinforced concrete. Mater Struct 47:335–350

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Allahverdi A, Mehrpour K, Kani EN (2008) Investigating the possibility of utilizing pumice-type natural pozzonal in production of geopolymer cement. Ceram Silik 52(1):16–23

    Google Scholar 

  32. Pacheco-Torgal F, Jalali S (2010) Influence of sodium carbonate addition on the thermal reactivity of tungsten mine waste mud based binders. Constr Build Mater 24:56–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Škvára F, Šmilauer V, Hlaváček P, Kopecký L, Cĺlová Z (2012) A weak alkali bond in (N, K)–A–S–H gels: evidence from leaching and modeling. Ceram Silik 56:374–382

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada

    Obinna Onuaguluchi, Paulo H. R. Borges, Aamer Bhutta & Nemkumar Banthia

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Paulo H. R. Borges

Authors
  1. Obinna Onuaguluchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Paulo H. R. Borges
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Aamer Bhutta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Nemkumar Banthia
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Obinna Onuaguluchi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

All the authors have no conflicts of interest, whatsoever.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Onuaguluchi, O., Borges, P.H.R., Bhutta, A. et al. Performance of scrap tire steel fibers in OPC and alkali-activated mortars. Mater Struct 50, 157 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1026-6

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-1026-6

Keywords

Search

Navigation