Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of various crumb rubber (CR) gradations on asphalt binder performance leading to the development of a rational asphalt-rubber (AR) binder selection procedure. The scope encompassed advanced asphalt binder rheological characterization and statistical analyses in order to formulate a methodical procedure to select an optimum AR material. A total of twenty asphalt binders covering over 5000 data points were utilized, including two virgin binders, and eighteen laboratory prepared AR binders at one CR dosage of 20% but with varying CR gradations. Temperature-frequency oscillation and multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) tests were conducted on all the twenty asphalts. G* shear modulus master curves developed from the oscillation test results indicated that AR binders with finer CR particles in the gradation produced flatter master curves that had high G* magnitudes, which are indicative of high strength, better rutting resistance, and reduced viscosity-temperature susceptibility than those with coarser gradation. MSCR test findings complemented the oscillation test results. Analyses of Variance and Dunnett’s statistical tests were performed on the binder rheological properties. From statistical analyses, it was concluded that the variation in CR gradations could significantly affect the binders’ properties and resistance to distresses. Based on the results of rheological experimentation and statistical analyses, a methodical selection procedure for AR binders was devised by developing Ashby plots for the binder rheological parameters. These Ashby plots are envisioned to assist the pavement engineers and contractors in choosing the best suitable AR binder with the essential properties required to satisfy the performance criteria.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Voskuilen JLM, Verhoef PNW (2003) Causes of premature ravelling failure in porous asphalt. In: Sixth international RILEM symposium on performance testing and evaluation of bituminous materials, pp 191–197
Emery S (2005) “Asphalt on Australian airports”, Australian Asphalt Paving Association. In: Pavement Industry Conference, Surfers Paradise, Queensland, Australia
Nahar S, Mohajeri M, Schmets A, Scarpas A, Van De Ven M, Schitter G (2013) First observation of blending-zone morphology at interface of reclaimed asphalt binder and virgin bitumen. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2370:1–9
Glover CJ, Davison RR, Bullin JA, Estakhri CK, Williamson SA, Billiter TC, Chipps JF, Chun JS, Juristyarini P, Leicht SE, Wattanachai P (2000) A comprehensive laboratory and field study of high-cure crumb-rubber modified asphalt materials, No. FHWA/TX-01/1460-1
Harvey J, Bejarano M, Popescu L (2001) Accelerated pavement testing of rutting and cracking performance of asphalt-rubber and conventional asphalt concrete overlay strategies. Road Mater Pavement Des 2(3):229–262
Huang B, Mohammad LN, Graves PS, Abadie C (2002) Louisiana experience with crumb rubber modified hot-mix asphalt pavement. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 1789(1):1–13
Lo Presti D (2013) Recycled tyre rubber modified bitumens for road asphalt mixtures: a literature review. Constr Build Mater 49:863–881
Wang H, You Z, Mills-Beale J, Hao P (2012) Laboratory evaluation on high temperature viscosity and low temperature stiffness of asphalt binder with high percent scrap tire rubber. Constr Build Mater 26(1):583–590
Kaloush KE (2014) Asphalt rubber: performance tests and pavement design issues. Constr Build Mater 67:258–264
Venudharan V, Biligiri KP, Sousa JB, Way GB (2016) Asphalt-rubber gap-graded mixture design practices: a state-of-the-art research review and future perspective. Road Mater Pavement Des. doi:10.1080/14680629.2016.1182060
ASTM D6114-09 (2009) Standard specification for asphalt-rubber binder. American Society for Testing and Materials International, PA, USA
Neto SAD, Farias MM, Pais JC, Pereira PA, Sousa JB (2006) Influence of crumb rubber and digestion time on the asphalt rubber binders. Road Mater Pavement Des 7(2):131–148
Presti DL, Airey G (2013) Tyre rubber-modified bitumens development: the effect of varying processing conditions. Road Mater Pavement Des 14(4):888–900
Subhy A, Lo Presti D, Airey G (2015) Rubberised bitumen manufacturing assisted by rheological measurements. Road Mater Pavement Des. doi:10.1080/14680629.2015.1079549
Airey G, Rahman M, Collop AC (2004) Crumb rubber and bitumen interaction as a function of crude source and bitumen viscosity. Road Mater Pavement Des 5(4):453–475
Abdelrahman M, Carpenter S (1999) Mechanism of interaction of asphalt cement with crumb rubber modifier. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 1661:106–113
Jeong KD, Lee SJ, Amirkhanian SN, Kim KW (2010) Interaction effects of crumb rubber modified asphalt binders. Constr Build Mater 24(5):824–831
Peralta J, Silva HM, Machado AV, Pais J, Pereira PA, Sousa JB (2010) Changes in rubber due to its interaction with bitumen when producing asphalt rubber. Road Mater Pavement Des 11(4):1009–1031
Guillamot F, Goujard L, Simard D, Boulangé L (2013) Influence of interface energy on compatibility between ground tyre rubber and bitumen used in asphalt pavement. Road Mater Pavement Des 14(2):372–383
Celauro B, Celauro C, Presti DL, Bevilacqua A (2012) Definition of a laboratory optimization protocol for road bitumen improved with recycled tire rubber. Constr Build Mater 37:562–572
Kovaľaková M, Fričová O, Hronský V, Olčák D, Mandula J, Salaiová B (2013) Characterisation of crumb rubber modifier using solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Road Mater Pavement Des 14(4):946–958
Shen J, Amirkhanian S, Xiao F, Tang B (2009) Influence of surface area and size of crumb rubber on high temperature properties of crumb rubber modified binders. Constr Build Mater 23(1):304–310
Lee SJ, Akisetty CK, Amirkhanian SN (2008) The effect of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) on the performance properties of rubberized binders in HMA pavements. Constr Build Mater 22(7):1368–1376
Xiao F, Amirkhanian SN, Shen J, Putman B (2009) Influences of crumb rubber size and type on reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) mixtures. Constr Build Mater 23(2):1028–1034
Venudharan V, Biligiri KP (2016) Rutting performance evaluation of crumb rubber-modified binders using advanced rheological test parameters. In: 8th international conference on maintenance and rehabilitation of pavements (MAIREPAV8), 27–29 July 2016, Research Publishing Services, Singapore
Way GB, Kaloush KE, Biligiri KP (2012) Asphalt-rubber standard practice guide. Rubber Pavements Association, Tempe
ASTM D7175-05 (2005) Standard test method for determining the rheological properties of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. American Society for Testing and Materials International, Pennsylvania 19428-2959, United States
SP-1 (1997) Performance graded asphalt binder specification and testing. Asphalt Institute, Superpave Series No. 1
ASTM D7405-10a (2011) Standard test method for multiple stress creep and recovery (MSCR) of asphalt binder using a dynamic shear rheometer. American Society for Testing and Materials International, Pennsylvania 19428-2959, United States
Williams ML, Landel RF, Ferry JD (1955) The temperature dependence of relaxation mechanisms in amorphous polymers and other glass-forming liquids. J Am Chem Soc 77(14):3701–3707
Everett BS, Shrondal A (2010) The cambridge dictionary of statistics, 4e. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Ashby M (1999) Materials selection in mechanical design, 3rd edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Government of India Department of Science and Technology for their financial support vide Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) Research Project Grant Number DST No: SERB/F/2670/2014-15 dated 17 July 2014.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Venudharan, V., Biligiri, K.P. Effect of crumb rubber gradation on asphalt binder modification: rheological evaluation, optimization and selection. Mater Struct 50, 129 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-0994-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-017-0994-x