Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Bond-slip behavior and embedment length of reinforcement in high volume fly ash concrete

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Materials and Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

To investigate bond-slip behavior of reinforcement in high volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC), 189 pull-out specimens are studied under monotonic static load in this paper. The main research variables involve the volume of fly ash, the type and diameter of the steel bars and the water-to-cement ratio (w/c). The tensile loading in this study is applied to steel bar, which increases stably by controlling the gradual increase of steel bar’s slip until end of the tests. For each specimen, the complete relationship curve to bond stress and slip are collected. Results indicate that the bond strengths of steel bars increased along with the decrease of the w/c ratio and decreased when the diameter of steel bar increased. Other results also show that the type of steel bar has a significant influence on bond and slip behavior and similar bond-slip relationship curves are presented in HVFAC, compared to conventional concrete (CC). To assess the feasibility of existing bond strength models in HVFAC, predictions from the models are compared with experimental results in the study. Based on the analyses and comparative results, a revised ultimate bond strength model and bond–slip relationship model are proposed to evaluate behavior of deformed steel bar in HVFAC. The first model is affected by the volume of fly ash and could evaluate the bond strengths well, the second one could monitor complete bond-slip curve reasonably. In addition, using the above revisions to the bond behaviors of bar in HVFAC, a simple calculation method for the embedment length of deformed steel bar in the concrete is recommended, because it has a stable design safety reserve.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

A s :

Gross area of cross section of steel bars

c :

Concrete cover thickness

c/d :

Ratio of thickness of concrete cover to diameter of reinforcement

d :

Diameter of steel bar

E s :

Modulus of elasticity of steel bar

f′ c :

Concrete compressive strength

f sh :

Yield strength of reinforcing bar

f ck :

Characteristic value of concrete strength

f t :

Tensile strength of concrete

k, k exp :

Influence factor and its experimental value

l a :

Embedment length of reinforcing bar

l ap :

Recommended embedment length of steel bar

s b :

Spacing of transverse steel bar in concrete

s m :

Measured slip values of bar at loaded end

s e :

The elastic elongation of steel bar

s i :

Specified slip level in CEB-FIP model/fib model code

s u :

The slip at loaded end corresponding to the ultimate bond stress

x :

Mass ratio of fly ash to cement in concrete

w/c :

Water to cement ratio

T :

Applied axial tensile load

ρ sv :

Volumetric ratio of transverse reinforcement

τ cr :

Bond stress at cracking of concrete

τ u :

Ultimate bond stress of bar in concrete

τ uFA :

Bond strength of fly ash concrete

τ uFA (x):

Bond strength of deformed steel bars in fly ash concrete

τ uGB :

Bond strength based on GB50010 code

τ max :

Bond strength of bar in concrete in CEB-FIP model/fib model code

τ ucal :

Calculated bond strength of bar in models

τ uexp :

Experimental bond strength of bar in concrete

References

  1. Mincation S, Young J, Darwin D (2003) Concrete, 2nd edn. Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, pp 106–111

    Google Scholar 

  2. Sivasundaram V (1986) Thermal crack control of mass concrete, MSL division report MSL 86-93 (IR), Energy Mines and Resources Canada, Ottawa, Canada, 32 pp

  3. ACI 232 (1996) ACI 232R: use of fly ash in concrete. American Concrete Institute, Farminton Hills, MI

    Google Scholar 

  4. Malhotra VM (1986) Superplasticized fly ash concrete for structural applications. Concr Int 8(12):28–31

    Google Scholar 

  5. Langley WS, Carette GG, Malhotra VM (1989) Structural concrete incorporating high volumes of ASTM class fly ash. ACI Mater J 86(5):507–514

    Google Scholar 

  6. Naik TR, Ramme BW, Tews JH (1995) Pavement construction with high-volume class C and class F fly ash concrete. ACI Mater J 92(2):200–210

    Google Scholar 

  7. Langley WS, Leaman GH (1998) Practical uses for high-volume fly ash concrete utilizing a low calcium fly ash. ACI Spec Publ 178:545–573

    Google Scholar 

  8. Mehta PK, Monteiro PJ (2006) Concrete: microstructure, properties, and materials, vol 3. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 659

    Google Scholar 

  9. Bilodeau A, Malhotra VM (2000) High-volume fly ash system: concrete solution for sustainable development. ACI Mater J 97(1):41–48

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bentz DP (2010) Powder additions to mitigate retardation in high-volume fly ash mixtures. ACI Mater J 107(5):508–514

    Google Scholar 

  11. Berry EE, Hemmings RT, Zhang MH, Cornelius BJ, Golden DM (1994) Hydration in high-volume fly ash concrete binders. ACI Mater J 91(4):382–389

    Google Scholar 

  12. Alonzo O, Barringer WL, Barton SG et al (1993) Guide for selecting proportions for high-strength concrete with portland cement and fly ash. ACI Mater J 90(3):272–283

    Google Scholar 

  13. RILEM 7-II-128. RC6 (1994) Bond test for reinforcing steel. RILEM technical recommendations for the testing and use of construction materials, E& FN Spon, UK

  14. Naik TR, Singh SS, Sivasundaram V, Energy M (1989) Concrete compressive strength, shrinkage and bond strength as affected by addition of fly ash and temperature. The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI

    Google Scholar 

  15. Gopalakrishnan S, Lakshmanan N et al. (2005) Demonstration of utilizing high volume fly ash based concrete for structural applications. A report Prepared for Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), India

  16. Cross D, Stephens J, Vollmer J (2005) Structural applications of 100 percent fly ash concrete. World of Coal Ash, Lexington, pp 11–15

    Google Scholar 

  17. Arezoumandi M, Wolfe MH, Volz JS (2013) A comparative study of the bond strength of reinforcing steel in high-volume fly ash concrete and conventional concrete. Constr Build Mater 40:919–924

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. fib Bulletin 10 (2010) Bond of reinforcement in concrete-state of the art, Lausanne, 434

  19. Eligehausen R, Bertero V, Popov EP (1983). Local bond-slip relationships of deformed bars under generalized excitations. Report No UCB/EERC 83–19, Earthquake Engineering Research center, University of California, Berkeley, Calif

  20. Malvar LJ (1992) Bond of reinforcement under controlled confinement. ACI Mater J 89(6):593–601

    Google Scholar 

  21. Haskett M, Oehlers DJ, Mohamed Ali MS (2008) Local and global bond characteristics of steel reinforcing bars. Eng Struct 30(2):376–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Tepfers R (1973) A theory of bond applied to overlapped tensile reinforcement splices for deformed bars, Publication 73:2, Chalmers University of Technology, Thesis, Goteborg, 328

  23. Tepfers R, Olsson PÅ (1992) Ring test for evaluation of bond properties of reinforcing bars. In: proceedings of the international conference bond in concrete from research to practice, Riga, CEB Comité International du Béton, RTU Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia, l.1:1–89

  24. Den Uijl JA, Bigaj AJ (1996) A bond model for ribbed bars based on concrete confinement. HERON 41(3):206–226

    Google Scholar 

  25. Tepfers R (1979) Cracking of concrete cover along anchored deformed reinforcing bars. Mag Concr Res 31(106):3–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Rehm G (1961) Ueber die Grundlagen des Verbundes zwishen Stahl und Beton. Deutscher Ausshuss, für Stahlbeton. Heft, Berlin, 138, p 59

  27. Soroushian P, Choi KB, Park GH, Aslani F (1991) Bond of deformed bars to concrete: effects of confinement and strength of concrete. ACI Mater J 88(3):227–232

    Google Scholar 

  28. Esfahani MR, Rangan BV (1998) Bond between normal strength and high-strength concrete (HSC) and reinforcing bars in splices in beams. ACI Struct J 95(3):272–280

    Google Scholar 

  29. Giuriani E, Plizzari G, Schumm C (1991) Role of stirrups and residual tensile strength of cracked concrete on bond. J Struct Eng 117(1):1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Abrams DA (1913) Tests of bond between concrete and steel, Bulletin No.71, University of Illinois Engineering Experiment station

  31. Lutz LA (1966) The mechanics of bond and slip of deformed reinforcing bars in concrete, vol 324. Cornell University, New York

    Google Scholar 

  32. Mirza SM, Houde J (1979) Study of bond stress-slip relationships in reinforced concrete. ACI J Proc 76(1):19–46

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gambarova PG, Rosati GP (1997) Bond and splitting in bar pull-out: behavioural laws and concrete cover role. Mag Concr Res 49(179):99–110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Ezeldin A, Balaguru P (1989) Bond behavior of normal and high-strength fiber reinforced concrete. ACI Mater J 86(5):515–524

    Google Scholar 

  35. Azizinamini A, Stark M, Roller JJ, Ghosh SK (1993) Bond performance of reinforcing bars embedded in high-strength concrete. ACI Struct J 90(5):554–561

    Google Scholar 

  36. Gambarova PG, Rosati G (1996) Bond and splitting in reinforced concrete: test results on bar pull-out. Mater Struct 29(5):267–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Gambarova PG, Rosati GP, Zasso B (1989) Steel-to-concrete bond after concrete splitting: test results. Mater Struct 22(1):35–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Giuriani E, Plizzari G, Schumm C (1991) Role of stirrups and residual tensile strength of cracked concrete on bond. J Struct Eng 117(1):1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Yankelevsky DZ (1985) Bond action between concrete and a deformed bar-a new model. ACI J Proc 82(2):154–161

    Google Scholar 

  40. Chapman RA, Shah SP (1987) Early-age bond strength in reinforced concrete. ACI Mater J 84(6):501–510

    Google Scholar 

  41. Malvar LJ (1992) Bond of reinforcement under controlled confinement. ACI Mater J 89(6):593–601

    Google Scholar 

  42. Metelli G, Plizzari GA (2014) Influence of the relative rib area on bond behaviour. Mag Concr Res 66(5–6):277–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Sarker PK (2011) Bond strength of reinforcing steel embedded in fly ash-based geopolymer concrete. Mater Struct 44(5):1021–1030

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  44. Chang EH (2009) Shear and bond behavior of reinforced fly ash-based geopolymer concrete beams. PhD Thesis, 2009, Curtin University

  45. Arezoumandi M, Looney TJ, Volz JS (2015) Effect of fly ash replacement level on the bond strength of reinforcing steel in concrete beams. J Clean Prod 87:745–751

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. ACI Committee 408 (1992). ACI 408.2R-92. State-of-the Art Report on Bond Under Cyclic Loads, ACI

  47. Magnusson J (2000). Bond and anchorage of ribbed bars in high strength concrete. PhD Thesis, Division of Concrete Structures, Chalmers University of Technology, Go¨teborg

  48. Fib (2013) Model code for concrete structures 2010. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  49. Rehm G, Eligehausen R (1979) Bond of ribbed bars under high cycle repeated loads. ACI J Proc 76(2):297–309

    Google Scholar 

  50. Bazant ZP, §ener S (1988) Size effects in pull-out tests. ACI Mater J 85(5):47–351

    Google Scholar 

  51. Kemp EL, Wilhelm WJ (1979) Investigation of the parameters influencing bond cracking. ACI J Proc 76(1):47–71

    Google Scholar 

  52. Standard A (2001) Concrete structures, AS-3600. Standards Australia International, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  53. ACI & PCA (2008) ACI 318-08 & PCA notes on 318-08: building code requirements for structural concrete and commentary

  54. China National Standard (2010) GB50010-2010: code for design of concrete structures. China Building Industry Press, Beijing (In Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  55. Chindaprasirt P, Jaturapitakkul C, Sinsiri T (2005) Effect of fly ash fineness on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste. Cem Concr Compos 27(4):425–428

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Guo X, Shi H, Dick WA (2010) Compressive strength and microstructural characteristics of class C fly ash geopolymer. Cem Concr Compos 32(2):142–147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Lam L, Wong YL, Poon CS (1998) Effect of fly ash and silica fume on compressive and fracture behaviors of concrete. Cem Concr Res 28(2):271–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Tanyildizi H, Coskun A (2008) The effect of high temperature on compressive strength and splitting tensile strength of structural lightweight concrete containing fly ash. Constr Build Mater 22(11):2269–2275

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Siddique R (2004) Performance characteristics of high-volume Class F fly ash concrete. Cem Concr Res 34(3):487–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Atiş CD (2005) Strength properties of high-volume fly ash roller compacted and workable concrete and influence of curing condition. Cem Concr Res 35(6):1112–1121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Langley WS, Carette GG, Malhotra VM (1989) Structural concrete incorporating high volumes of ASTM class fly ash. ACI Mater J 86(5):507–514

    Google Scholar 

  62. Berndt ML (2009) Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled concrete aggregate. Constr Build Mater 23(7):2606–2613

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Poon CS, Lam L, Wong YL (1999) Effects of fly ash and silica fume on interfacial porosity of concrete. J Mater Civ Eng 11(3):197–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

    Jun Zhao

  2. CER Group, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Hasselt University, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium

    Gaochuang Cai

  3. Department of Architecture, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Gaochuang Cai

  4. Urban Planning and Design Research Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, China

    Junmin Yang

Authors
  1. Jun Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gaochuang Cai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Junmin Yang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gaochuang Cai.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Zhao, J., Cai, G. & Yang, J. Bond-slip behavior and embedment length of reinforcement in high volume fly ash concrete. Mater Struct 49, 2065–2082 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0634-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-015-0634-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation