Abstract
The results of thirty pullout tests carried out on 8 and 10 mm diameter deformed steel bars concentrically embedded in high-strength recycled aggregate concrete designed using equivalent mix proportions with coarse recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) replacement levels of 25 %, 50 %, 75 % and 100 % are reported towards investigation of bond behaviour of RCA concrete. Analysis of the measured bond–slip relationships indicates similar mechanisms of bond resistance in the RCA and the natural aggregate (NA) concrete and relatively the most accurate and conservative predictions of the measured bond strengths were obtained from the fib Model Code 2010. For both the bar sizes, normalised bond strengths of the high-strength RCA concretes were not only higher than those of the comparable NA concrete but were also higher than those of the normal-strength RCA concrete. For the RCA concrete, the normalised bond strength was observed to increase with an increase in the RCA replacement level, a behaviour which has been explained in terms of fracture toughness of the RCA concrete calculated using an analogous parameter from rock mechanics. An empirical bond stress-versus-slip relationship has been proposed and it is conservatively suggested that anchorage lengths of the 8 mm and the 10 mm diameter deformed bars in the high-strength RCA concretes of this investigation may be taken the same as in NA concrete of comparable strength.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- d :
-
Nominal rebar diameter
- l :
-
Embedded length
- \(f_{\text{c}}^{{\prime }}\) :
-
Cylinder compressive strength of concrete
- f ct,sp :
-
Splitting tensile strength of concrete
- P max :
-
Peak load
- δ u :
-
Unloaded end slip
- τ 0.1 :
-
Bond stress at the unloaded end slip of 0.1 mm
- τ max :
-
Peak bond stress
- τ r,max :
-
Normalized bond strength
References
Nixon PJ (1978) Recycled concrete as an aggregate for concrete—a review. Mater Struct 11(65):371–378
Hansen TC (1986) Recycled aggregate and recycled aggregate concrete, second state-of-the-art report, developments from 1945–1985. Mater Struct 19(111):201–246
Hansen TC (1992) Recycling of demolished concrete and masonry, report of RILEM TC 37DRC. Demolition and Reuse of Concrete. E & FN Spon, London
ACI Committee 555 (2001) Removal and reuse of hardened concrete (ACI 555-01). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, p 26
Buck AD (1973) Recycled concrete. Highw Res Rec Highw Res Board 430:1–8
Frondistou-Yannas S (1977) Waste concrete as aggregate for new concrete. ACI J 74(8):373–376
Gonzalez B, Martinez F (2004) Shear strength of concrete with recycled aggregates. In: Proceedings of international RILEM conference on the use of recycled materials in buildings and structures. Barcelona, Spain, pp 619–628
Maruyama I, Sogo M, Sogabe T, Sato R, Kawai K (2004) Shear behaviour of reinforced recycled concrete beams. In: Proceedings of international RILEM conference on the use of recycled materials in buildings and structures. Barcelona, Spain, pp 610–618
Gambarova P, Plizzari GA, Balazs GL, Cairns J et al (2000) Bond of reinforcement in concrete. fib Bulletin 10, Chapter 1: Bond mechanics including pull-out and splitting failures. Lausanne, ISSN 1562-3610, ISBN 2-88394-050-9, pp 1–98
Abrams DA (1913) Tests of bond between concrete and steel. Bulletin no. 71, Engineering Experiment Station, University of Illinois, Urbana, p 105
Clark AP (1950) Bond of concrete reinforcing bars. ACI J 46(3):161–184
Ferguson PM (1966) Bond stress: the state of art, report by ACI committee 408. ACI J 63(11):1–22
Goto Y (1971) Cracks formed in concrete around deformed tension bars. ACI J 68(4):244–251
Chana PS (1990) A test method to establish realistic bond stresses. Mag Concr Res 42(151):83–90
Azizinamini A, Stark M, Roller JJ, Ghosh SK (1993) Bond performance of reinforcing bars embedded in high-strength concrete. ACI Struct J 90(5):554–561
Darwin D, Graham EK (1993) Effect of deformation height and spacing on bond strength of reinforcing bars. ACI Struct J 90(6):646–657
Cairns J, Jones K (1995) Influence of rib geometry on strength of lapped joints: an experimental and analytical study. Mag Concr Res 47(172):253–262
Hamad BS, Itani MS (1998) Bond strength of reinforcement in high-performance concrete: the role of silica fume, casting position, and superplasticizer dosage. ACI Mater J 95(5):499–511
Esfahani MR, Rangan BV (1998) Bond between normal-strength and high-strength concrete (HSC) and reinforcing bars in splices in beams. ACI Struct J 95(3):272–280
Prince MJR, Singh B (2014) Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and deformed steel bars. Mater Struct 47:503–516
ACI Committee 408 (1966) Bond stress—the state-of-the-art. ACI J 63(11):161–190
ACI Committee 408 (1970) Opportunities in bond research. ACI Journal 67(11):857–867
ACI Committee 408 (2003) Bond and development of straight reinforcing bars in tension (ACI 408R-03). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills (MI), p 49
Mukai T, Kikuchi M (1978) Fundamental study on bond properties between recycled aggregate concrete and steel bars. Cement Association of Japan, 32nd review
Roos F (2002) Beitrag zur bemessung von beton mit zuschag aus rezyklierter gesteinskornung nach DIN 1045-1. Dissertation TU Munchen. (in German)
Xiao J, Falkner H (2007) Bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and steel rebars. Constr Build Mater 21:395–401
Prince MJR, Singh B (2014) Investigation of bond behaviour between recycled aggregate concrete and deformed steel bars. Struct Concr 15(2):154–168
IS 2770 (Part I)-1967 (Reaffirmed 2002) Methods of Testing Bond in Reinforced Concrete Part I Pull-out Test. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, p 10
RILEM (1983) RILEM/CEB/FIP Recommendations on Reinforcement Steel for Reinforced Concrete. Bond Test for Reinforcement Steel 2. Pull-Out Test, RC 6
FIB (2013) fib Model code for concrete structures 2010. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, p 402
ACI Committee 318 (2011) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary (ACI 318-11). Farmington Hills (MI), p 503
Standards Australia (2009) Concrete Structures (AS3600-2009). GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia, ISBN 0 7337 9347 9, p 208
Orangun CO (1977) A revaluation of test data on development length and splices. ACI J 74(3):114–122
MacGregor JG (1997) Reinforced concrete, 3rd edn. New Jersey, pp 290–301
Kim Y, Sim J, Park C (2012) Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete with deformed steel re-bar. J Mar Sci Technol 20(3):274–280
IS 8112-1989 (Reaffirmed 2005) 43 grade ordinary portland cement-specification. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, p 8
IS 383-1970 (Reaffirmed 2002) Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural sources for concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, p 19
IS 516-1959 (Reaffirmed 2004) Methods of tests for strength of concrete. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, p 23
IS 5816-1999 (Reaffirmed 2004) Splitting tensile strength of concrete—method of test. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, p 8
Cairns J, Plizzari GA (2003) Towards a harmonised European bond test. Mater Struct 36:498–506
Prince MJR, Singh B (2013) Bond behaviour of deformed steel bars embedded in recycled aggregate concrete. Constr Build Mater 49:852–862
Kim SW, Yun HD (2014) Evaluation of the bond behavior of steel reinforcing bars in recycled fine aggregate concrete. Cement Concr Compos 46:8–18
Tepfers R (1979) Cracking of concrete cover along anchored deformed reinforcing bars. Mag Concr Res 31(106):3–12
Bazant ZP, Sener S (1998) Size effects in pullout tests. ACI Mater J 85(4):347–351
Gambarova PG, Rosati GP, Zasso B (1989) Steel-concrete bond after concrete splitting: (I) test results; (II) constitutive laws and interface deterioration. Mater Struct, RILEM 22:35–47 and 347–356
Gambarova PG, Rosati GP (1996) Bond and splitting in reinforced concrete: test results on bar pullout. Mater Struct RILEM 29:267–276
Kim SW, Yun HD (2013) Influence of recycled coarse aggregates on the bond behavior of deformed bars in concrete. Eng Struct 48:133–143
Esfahani MR, Rangan VB (1996) Studies on bond between concrete and reinforcing bars. School of Civil Engineering, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, Western Australia, p 315
Metelli G, Plizzari GA (2014) Influence of the relative rib area on bond behaviour. Mag Concr Res 66(6):277–294
Perera SVTJ, Mutsuyoshi H (2013) Shear behavior of reinforced high-strength concrete beams. ACI J 110(1):43–52
Harajli MH (1994) Development/splice strength of reinforcing bars embedded in plain and fibre reinforced concrete. ACI Struct J 91(5):511–520
Guo Z (1997) Strength and deformation of concrete—experimental foundation and constitutive relationship. Beijing Press—Tsinghua University, p 34. (in Chinese)
Acknowledgments
The support and cooperation of the staff of the concrete laboratory at the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (I.I.T.) Roorkee, Roorkee, for this experimental investigation is gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prince, M.J.R., Singh, B. Bond strength of deformed steel bars in high-strength recycled aggregate concrete. Mater Struct 48, 3913–3928 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0452-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0452-y