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Stability of hydraulic grouts for masonry strengthening

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Abstract

Besides its sufficient penetrability and fluidity, a hydraulic grout in order to be injectable should also exhibit an appropriate stability, i.e. to be able to keep its homogeneity during the injection process, up to its setting. The paper is part of a broader attempt to establish a rational methodology for the design of hydraulic grouts for strengthening of masonry historical buildings, based on their discrete injectability characteristics. The first and second part of this holistic methodology regarding the penetrability and fluidity were published elsewhere. This paper deals with stability, the third basic injectability characteristic. The most prevailing parameters shaping stability characteristics, are water content and percentage of ultrafine materials. After a brief literature survey, an oversimplified predictive model of bleeding is firstly proposed and then its validity is confirmed using the results of an experimental study. The role of superplasticizers is also discussed. In both cases, with and without superplasticizer, semi-empirical formulae are proposed, that may be useful for the design of a grout composition. Finally, the paper presents experimental results demonstrating the role of water and superplasticizer content in the appearance of segregation; some empirical formulae are also proposed for the estimation of the critical water content initiating segregation.

Résumé

En sus des exigences de pénétrabilité et de fluidité, un coulis hydraulique doit également avoir une stabilité satisfaisante pour pouvoir être injectable. Il doit ainsi pouvoir conserver son homogénéité durant tout le processus d’injection. Cet article fait partie d’une tentative plus générale destinée à établir une méthodologie rationnelle permettant la formulation des coulis hydrauliques par l’intermédiaire d’une analyse de leurs propriétés d’injectabilité. Les deux premières parties de cette méthode portant respectivement sur les caractéristiques de pénétrabilité et de fluidité ont été publiées par ailleurs. Le présent article est consacré à la stabilité, troisième propriété essentielle caractérisant l’injectabilité. Les paramètres essentiels influençant les caractéristiques de stabilité sont la teneur en eau et le pourcentage en éléments ultra fins. Après une brève analyse bibliographique, un modèle simplifié de prédiction de l’exsudation est proposé puis validé à l’aide des résultats d’une analyse expérimentale. Le rôle des superplastifiants est également discuté. Des formules semi empiriques considérant l’éventuelle présence de superplastifiant et constituant une aide dans la formulation des coulis hydrauliques sont ensuite proposées. Cet article présente enfin des résultats expérimentaux montrant le rôle de l’eau et de la teneur en superplastifiant dans l’apparition de ségrégation. Quelques formules empiriques fournissant une estimation de la teneur en eau critique provoquant une initialisation du phénomène de ségrégation sont également proposées.

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Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to Sophie Anagnostopoulou, MSc. Chemical Engineer, Anna Kalagri, MSc. Chemical Engineer and Conservator of Art and Martha Savvidou Dr Chemical Engineer, for their help with the experiments and the graphics of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Director of Museums Studies and Cultural Buildings, Hellenic Ministry of Education and Religious Affairs, Culture and Sports, 12 Sq. Karitsi, Athens, Greece

    A. Miltiadou-Fezans

  2. National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

    T. P. Tassios

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  1. A. Miltiadou-Fezans
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Correspondence to A. Miltiadou-Fezans.

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Miltiadou-Fezans, A., Tassios, T.P. Stability of hydraulic grouts for masonry strengthening. Mater Struct 46, 1631–1652 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-0003-3

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