Abstract
The research reported herein focuses on the rheological characterization of wax-modified asphalt binders used in warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology. Wax-modified asphalt binders were produced by adding controlled quantities of different types of wax to a 50/70 unmodified bitumen. Five different kinds of wax were used, including synthetic hydrocarbons Fischer–Tropsch wax, Montan waxes and amidic-modified waxes. All the blends were subjected to different rheometric tests to assess their mechanical response at high service temperatures. The viscous deformation mechanism was analyzed with reference to static and repetitive creep loading; it was found that the viscous deformation is strongly affected by the presence of both hydrocarbons and amidic-modified waxes. Wax-modified binders exhibited an effective improvement in intrinsic resistance to non-reversible deformation, even in high applied stress and cyclic loading conditions. It was observed that the chemical composition and the consequent physical characteristics of the wax are the most important factors regulating the final behavior of wax-modified asphalt binders at high service temperatures. The final contribution of the experience performed is related to the technical evaluation of wax-modified asphalt binders and to the general development of WMA technologies for pavement applications.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Hurley GC, Prowell BD (2006) Evaluation of potential process for use in warm mix asphalt. J Assoc Asphalt Paving Technol 75:42–90
D’Angelo J et al (2008) Warm-mix asphalt: European practice Report No FHWA-PL-08-007 February 2008
Diefenderfer SD, McGhee KK, Donaldson BM (2007) Installation of warm mix asphalt projects in Virginia. Report FHWA/VTRC 07-R25 Virginia Transportation Research Council
Hurley GC, Prowell BD (2005) Evaluation of Sasobit® for use in warm mix asphalt NCAT. Report 05-06 National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Auburn University
CEDEX (Centro de Estudio y Experimentacion de Obras Publicas) (2004) Influencia de la utilizacion de betunes asfalticos modificados con Sasobit en la mezclas bituminosas. Technical report Madrid Spain
Warth AB (1956) The chemistry and technology of waxes. Reinhold, New York
Thanh NX, Hsieh M, Philp RP (1999) Waxes and asphaltenes in crude oils. Org Geochem 30:119–132
Lu X, Kalman B, Redelius PA (2007) New test method for determination of wax content in crude oils residues and bitumen. Fuel 87:1543–1551
Edwards Y, Isacsson U (2005) Wax in bitumen Part 1—classification and general aspects. Road Mater Pavement Des 6:281–309
Lu X, Langton M, Olofsson P, Redelius P (2005) Wax morphology in bitumen. J Mater Sci 40:1893–1900
Redelius P, Lu X, Isacsson U (2002) Non-classical wax in bitumen. Road Mater Pavement Des 3:7–21
Lu X, Redelius P (2006) Compositional and structural characterization of waxes isolated from bitumens. Energy Fuels 20:653–660
Chmbrion P, Bertau R, Ehrburger P (1996) Characterization of bitumen by differential scanning calorimetry. Fuel 75:144–148
Edwards Y, Isacsson U (2005) Wax in bitumen Part 2—characterization and effects. Road Mater Pavement Des 6:439–468
Edwards Y, Redelius P (2003) Rheological effects of waxes in bitumen. Energy Fuels 17:511–520
Ho SM, Klesken B, Zanzotto L (2003) Direct tension test—a useful tool to study the low temperature properties of wax-containing asphalt. In: Proceedings of the 82nd annual meeting of transportation research board, January 12–16, Paper No 03-3157
Petersson M, Gustafson I, Stading M (2008) Comparison of microstructural and physical properties of two petroleum waxes. J Mater Sci 43:1869–1879
Cowley LG, Fisher RG (2002) Use of a bitumen/wax composition. International Patent International Publication Number: WO 02/16499 A1
Edwards Y, Tasdemir Y, Isacsson U (2006) Rheological effects of commercial waxes and polyphosphoric acid in bitumen 160/220—low temperature performance. Fuel 85:989–997
Edwards Y, Tasdemir Y, Isacsson U (2007) Rheological effects of commercial waxes and polyphosphoric acid in bitumen 160/220—high and medium temperature performance. Construct Build Mater 21:1899–1908
Giuliani F, Merusi F (2009) Flow characteristics and viscosity function in asphalt binders modified by wax. Int J Pavement Res Technol 2:51–60
Merusi F, Caruso A, Roncella R, Giuliani F (2010) Moisture susceptibility and stripping resistance of asphalt mixtures modified with different synthetic wax. Transp Res Rec J Transp Res Board 2180:110–120
Anderson DA, Marasteanu MO, Mahoney JM, Stephens JE (2000) Factors affecting the variability in the SHRP binders tests. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board January 2000 Paper No 00-1360
Soenen H, De Visscher J, Vanelstraete A, Redelius P (2006) Influence of thermal history on rheological properties of various bitumen. Rheol Acta 45:729–739
Anderson DA, Bahia HU, Cristensen DW (1994) Binder characterization and evaluation - Volume 3: physical properties. SHRP-A-369 Strategic Highways Research Program National Research Council Washington DC
Marasteanu MO, Anderson DA (2000) Establishing linear viscoelastic conditions for asphalt binders. Proceedings of the 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board January 2000 Paper No 00-1374
Airey GD, Rahimzadeh B, Collop AC (2003) Viscoelastic linearity limits for bituminous materials. Mater Struct 36:643–647
Elseifi MA, Flintsch GW, Al-Qadi IL (2003) Quantitative effect of elastomeric modification on binder performance at intermediate and high temperatures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering 15:32–40
Bahia HU, Hanson DI, Zeng M, Zhai H, Khatri MA, Anderson RM (2001) Characterization of modified binders in Superpave mix design. NCHRP project 9-10 Transportation Research Board – National Research Council Washington DC
Polacco G, Stastna J, Zanzotto L (2008) Accumulated strain in polymer-modified asphalts. Rheol Acta 47:491–498
Barnes HA, Hutton JF, Walters FRS (1989) An introduction to rheology. Elsevier Science Pubblisher Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Malkin AYa (1994) Rheology fundamentals. ChemTec Publishing, Toronto, Canada
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Merusi, F., Giuliani, F. Rheological characterization of wax-modified asphalt binders at high service temperatures. Mater Struct 44, 1809–1820 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-011-9739-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-011-9739-4