Abstract
Maintenance and rehabilitation of concrete structures affected by alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) require conducting detailed assessment of the concrete conditions, mainly close to the surface where the damage is more severe. This paper presents in situ investigations by surface wave testing of near-surface AAR damage in two hydraulic structures. The survey was carried out using a non-intrusive multi-sensor method that involves frequency–wavenumber analysis of surface waves. The method allows solving Rayleigh surface wave propagation modes required for the determination of the shear wave velocity in terms of depth. The variation of Young’s modulus with concrete depth can be estimated from the obtained shear wave velocity profile. Two different cases of surface wave propagation, typical of concrete structures, are discussed in this paper. The tests were conducted from the concrete surface only and the subsurface quality was mapped up to a depth of 1.50 m. The applications show that the proposed surface wave method is a potential non-destructive evaluation method that can be used to detect and locate near surface damage in concrete structures.
Résumé
La maintenance et la réhabilitation des structures en béton atteintes de Réaction Alcalis-Granulats (RAG) requièrent une étude détaillée de la qualité du béton, principalement près de la surface où l’endommagement est le plus sévère. Cet article présente les résultats d’investigation par ondes de surface de l’endommagement attribuable à la RAG dans deux structures hydrauliques. Les mesures ont été effectuées en utilisant une méthode non intrusive à plusieurs capteurs, qui intègre l’analyse fréquence-nombre d’onde des ondes de surface. Cette méthode permet de résoudre les modes de propagation des ondes Rayleigh de surface, nécessaires pour la détermination de la vitesse des ondes de cisaillement en fonction de la profondeur. La variation du module d’élasticité avec la profondeur peut être estimée à partir du profil de vitesse des ondes de cisaillement obtenu. Deux cas différents de propagation des ondes de surface, typiques pour les structures en béton, sont discutés dans cet article. Les tests ont été effectués à partir de la surface du béton seulement, et la qualité du béton a été cartographiée jusqu’à une profondeur égale à 1.5 m. Les présentes applications montrent une méthode non destructive potentielle qui peut être utilisée pour détecter et localiser l’endommagement près de la surface du béton.
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Abbreviations
- f :
-
Frequency
- λ:
-
Wavelength
- V ph :
-
Phase velocity
- Na :
-
Number of accelerometers
- dx :
-
Spacing between each couple of accelerometers
- d :
-
Distance between the source and the nearest accelerometer
- Np :
-
Number of positions of the source at the concrete surface
- D :
-
Desired depth of investigation
- h :
-
Layer thickness
- E :
-
Young’s modulus
- ν:
-
Poisson’s ratio
- ρ:
-
Mass density
- V P :
-
Pressure wave velocity
- V S :
-
Shear wave velocity
- R-f :
-
Fundamental mode of Rayleigh waves
- A-f :
-
Antisymmetrical fundamental-mode of Lamb waves
- S-f :
-
Symmetrical fundamental-mode of Lamb waves
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Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC)-Industry Research Chair on Concrete NDT and Instrumentation, industrial partners (HydroQuebec and St. Lawrence Seaway) and the University of Sherbrooke. The authors thank Clermont Gravel, Danick Charbonneau and Francois Saint-Pierre from University of Sherbrooke for their help in data collection.
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Al Wardany, R., Ballivy, G. & Rivard, P. Condition assessment of concrete in hydraulic structures by surface wave non-destructive testing. Mater Struct 42, 251–261 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9382-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-008-9382-x