Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam perpendicular to the grain

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Materials and Structures Aims and scope Submit manuscript

An Erratum to this article was published on 22 May 2007

Abstract

A total of 86 pull-out strength tests on glued-in steel rods with metric threads M12, M16 and M20 are reported in this paper. The rods were bonded in glulam made of Norway spruce lamellas perpendicular to the grain by means of an epoxy-type adhesive using the GSA®-system. The slenderness ratios of the rods λ calculated from the anchoring lengths ℓ with respect to the diameter of the drill hole d h (λ = ℓ/d h) varied between 7.5 and 12.5. Registered failure loads were considerably higher than design values derived from different existing approaches. The pull-out strength was found to be almost directly proportional to the surface area of the bond line. Based on this an approach to estimate the pull-out strength is suggested. Dependence between pull-out strength and anchoring length ℓ as well as slenderness ratio λ exists, whereas such dependence for the diameter of the rod was not found. The pull-out strength is influenced by the wood density. Compared to rods bonded in parallel to the grain, pull-out strength of rods with same diameter and anchoring length set perpendicular to the grain are 20–50% higher.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Madsen B (1992) Structural behaviour of timber. Timber Engineering Ltd., Vancouver, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  2. Madsen B (2000) Behaviour of timber connections. Timber Engineering Ltd., Vancouver, Canada

    Google Scholar 

  3. Kangas J (1994) Joints of glulam structures based on glued-in ribbed steel rods. VTT Publication 196, VTT

  4. Gaunt D (1999) Joints in glulam using groups of epoxy-grouted steel bars. NZ Timber Des J 26(1): 34–38

    Google Scholar 

  5. Kuhlmann U, Aicher S, Lippert P (2001) Rigid frame corners with glued-in rods. International RILEM symposium on joints in timber structures, Stuttgart, Germany, pp 343–352

  6. Buchanan AH, Moss PJ, Townsend PK (1990) Reinforcing bars epoxy bonded in glue laminated timber. International timber engineering conference, Tokyo, pp 601–610

  7. Gerold M (1993) Anwendung von in Holz eingebrachten, in Schaftrichtung beanspruchten Gewindestangen aus Stahl. Bautechnik 70(10):603–613

    Google Scholar 

  8. Aicher S, Gustafsson PJ, Wolf M (1999) Load displacement and bond strength of glued-in rods in timber influenced by adhesive, wood density, rod slenderness and diameter. International RILEM symposium on timber engineering, Stockolm, Sweden, p 10

  9. Gustafsson P-J, Serrano E, Aicher S, Johansson C-J (2001) A strength design equation for glued-in rods. International RILEM symposium on joints in timber structures, Stuttgart, Germany, pp 323–332

  10. Möhler K, Siebert W (1981) Eingeleimte Gewindestangen. Holzbau-Statik-Aktuell 6:4–6

    Google Scholar 

  11. Riberholt H (1988) CIB-W18/21–7-2: Glued bolts in glulam—Proposal for CIB code. Meeting twenty-one, Parksville, Vancouver Island, Canada, p 18

  12. Steiger R, Gehri E, Widmann R (2006) Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam parallel to the grain. Materials and Structures (published online)

  13. Strahm T (2000) Das entwurfsfreundliche und leistungsfähige GSA-Ankersystem. 32. SAH-Fortbildungskurs Verbindungstechnik im Holzbau, Weinfelden, Schweiz, pp 165–169

  14. Fabris A (2001) Verbesserung der Zugeigenschaften von Bauholz parallel zur Faser mittels Verbund mit profilierten Stahlstangen, Dissertation ETH Nr. 14050, ETH Zürich, Professur für Holztechnologie

  15. Blass HJ, Laskewitz B (2001) Load-carrying capacity of axially loaded rods glued-in perpendicular to the grain. International RILEM symposium on joints in timber structures, Stuttgart, Germany, pp 363–371

  16. Bernasconi A (2001) CIB-W18/34–7-6: behaviour of axially loaded glued-in rods—requirements and resistance, especially for spruce timber perpendicular to the grain direction. Meeting thirty-four, Venice, Italy, p 11

  17. Bernasconi A (2001) Axially loaded glued-in rods for high capacity joints—behaviour and resistance. International RILEM symposium on joints in timber structures, Stuttgart, Germany, pp 373–381

  18. Volkersen O (1938) Die Nietkraftverteilung in zugbeanspruchten Nietverbindungen mit konstanten Laschenquerschnitten. Luftfahrtforschung 15 (Lfg. 1/2):41–47

    Google Scholar 

  19. Volkersen O (1953) Die Schubkraftverteilung in Leim-, Niet- und Bolzenverbindungen, Teil 1. Energie und Technik 5(3):68–71

    Google Scholar 

  20. Volkersen O (1953) Die Schubkraftverteilung in Leim-, Niet- und Bolzenverbindungen, Teil 2. Energie und Technik 5(5):103–108

    Google Scholar 

  21. Volkersen O (1953) Die Schubkraftverteilung in Leim-, Niet- und Bolzenverbindungen, Teil 3. Energie und Technik 5(7):150–154

    Google Scholar 

  22. Gustafsson PJ (1987) CIB-W18/20-18-2: analysis of generalized Volkersen joints in terms of non linear fracture mechanics. Meeting twenty, Dublin, Ireland, p 16

  23. DIN (2004) DIN Deutsches Institut für Normung e.V. Entwurf, Berechnung und Bemessung von Holzbauwerken, p 193

  24. Blass HJ, Eberhart O, Ehlbeck J, Gerold M (1996) Wirkungsweise von eingeleimten Gewindestangen bei der Aufnahme von Querzugkräften in gekrümmten Biegeträgern und Entwicklung von Bemes sungsgrundlagen, Teil 3, Versuchsanstalt für Stahl, Holz und Steine. Universität Karlsruhe

Download references

Acknowledgements

The presented work was funded partly by the Swiss State Secretariat for Education and Research SER within the framework of COST Action E34 ‘Bonding of Timber’. The assistance of T. Strahm (sample logistics) and K. Weiss (mechanical testing) is gratefully acknowledged.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Wood Laboratory, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600, Dubendorf, Switzerland

    R. Widmann & R. Steiger

  2. Prof. em. ETHZ, CH-8803, Ruschlikon, Switzerland

    E. Gehri

Authors
  1. R. Widmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. R. Steiger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. E. Gehri
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Widmann.

Additional information

An erratum to this article can be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1617/s11527-007-9251-z

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Widmann, R., Steiger, R. & Gehri, E. Pull-out strength of axially loaded steel rods bonded in glulam perpendicular to the grain. Mater Struct 40, 827–838 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9214-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-006-9214-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation