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3D printed hydroxyapatite-nacre-starch based bone grafts: Evaluation of biological and mechanical properties

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Abstract

The possibilities of utilizing nacre as a reinforcing material to manufacture 3D printed bone grafts are yet to be explored. This work reports the feasibility of fabricating 3D printed nacre-hydroxyapatite-starch composite bone graft substitutes, emphasizing the effects of nacre addition on biological and mechanical properties. Pressure-less extrusion-based 3D printing of ceramic-polymer viscous slurry is challenging due to the composition and process-parameter variations. To overcome these challenges, a dual extrusion solid freeform fabricator (SFF) has been designed. An increase in nacre loading improves the compressive strength from 9.5 ± 0.1 MPa to 11.7 ± 0.2 MPa, without any post-processing or sintering. Nacre’s in vitro osteogenic properties lead to a slight increase in hFOB cellular attachment on the graft surface by day 11. The fabricated structures show good mechanical integrity during the dissolution study in simulated body fluid (SBF). These bone graft substitutes may be utilized to repair low load bearing skeletal defects.

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract showing the molecular structure of HA, nacre, and starch (L), construction of the in-house solid free form fabricator, and fabricated nacre-hydroxyapatite based 3D printed graft substitutes, utilizing gelatinized starch as a binder (M). The extreme right part of GA shows the possible applications of these structures in low load bearing defect repairs.

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Data availability

Data reported in this work will be made available at reasonable request.

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Acknowledgments

Authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR) of the NIH grant number R01 DE029204-01 (PI: Bose), and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) of the National Institutes of Health under grant number R01 AR066361 (PI: Bose). The authors would also like to thank the Franceschi Microscopy & Imaging Center (WSU) as well the Electron Microscopy Center (University of Idaho). Dr. Bonny Onuike, Ms. Ashley Vu, and Dr. Naboneeta Sarkar are acknowledged for their assistance with experimental help to carry out this research.

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  1. W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA

    Susmita Bose, Caitlin Koski & Arjak Bhattacharjee

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  1. Susmita Bose
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Susmita Bose was an editor of this journal during the review and decision stage. For the JMR policy on review and publication of manuscripts authored by editors, please refer to http://www.mrs.org/editor-manuscripts/.

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Bose, S., Koski, C. & Bhattacharjee, A. 3D printed hydroxyapatite-nacre-starch based bone grafts: Evaluation of biological and mechanical properties. Journal of Materials Research 37, 2033–2044 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00602-5

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