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Remediation of machining medium effect on biocompatibility of titanium-based dental implants by chemical mechanical nano-structuring

  • Article
  • FOCUS ISSUE: Advances in Titanium Bio-Implants
  • Published:
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Abstract

Dental implants are commonly manufactured by shaping titanium rods into screws in an oil medium followed by sandblasting. This study compares the biocompatibility of the titanium dental implants machined in an oil versus DI-water environment. Electrochemical evaluations showed that the machining oil leaves residue on the implant. As a remedy, chemical mechanical nano-structuring (CMNS) is implemented to remove oil residue while controlling the surface roughness and surface passivation. Bacteria growth on the oil-machined and sandblasted implants was higher than the implants only machined in oil (p value 0.014) and DI water (p value 0.002). Cytotoxicity experiments also showed ~ 5% higher cell concentration on the DI-water-machined implants than the oil-machined implants and ~ 10% higher than the oil-machined/sandblasted implants. After CMNS treatment, both the DI-water and oil-machined implants showed statistically the same cell proliferation (p value 0.785), indicating that the implants were cleaned from the oil residue.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. In addition, the datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the [JMR Data Files] repository in the following link: https://1drv.ms/u/s!AmMSRf5PldcHhUpQ0Zhd0UhwOOmL?e=5o3oYR.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the MODE Medikal for providing the dental implants, Versum Materials for providing the polishing slurry, and the research funding and facilities provided by the NSF I/UCRC Center for Particle and Surfactant Systems (NSF Grant No 1362060) and discussions with Prof. Brij Moudgil. Also, we thank Jacqueline Cicalese with Dr. G. Bahar Basim’s research group for surface roughness measurements. Images were created with BioRender.com.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Surfactant and Particle Systems and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1180 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA

    Nina Erwin, Debashish Sur & G. Bahar Basim

  2. Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA

    Nina Erwin

  3. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA

    Debashish Sur

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  1. Nina Erwin
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Contributions

NE has conducted the CMNS experiments, bacteria and cytotoxicity tests, and analyses. DS has conducted the electrochemical evaluations and data analyses. GBB initiated the research work and constructed the experimental analyses structure with organization of the manuscript and the foundation of the research work. The authors discussed the results and contributed to the writing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to G. Bahar Basim.

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Erwin, N., Sur, D. & Basim, G.B. Remediation of machining medium effect on biocompatibility of titanium-based dental implants by chemical mechanical nano-structuring. Journal of Materials Research 37, 2686–2697 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43578-022-00553-x

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