Abstract
We review the development of time-resolved, high-resolution environmental scanning/ transmission electron microscopy [E(S)TEM] for directly probing dynamic gas–solid, liquid–solid, and gas–liquid–solid interactions at the atomic level. Unlike a regular TEM, such a microscope allows us to use high gas pressures (up to 40 mbars) in the sample region. The unique information available from experiments performed using E(S)TEM has enabled visualization of the dynamic nature of nanostructures during reactions. Such information can be directly applied to the development of advanced nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, silicon nanowires and processes, including the design of novel routes to polymers synthesis, and has aided in the identification of important phenomena during catalysis, chemical vapor deposition, and electrochemical deposition.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
P.R. Swann, N.J. Tighe, Jern. Ann. 155, 251 (1971).
R.T. Baker, P.S. Harris, R.B. Thomas, R.J. Waite, J. Catal. 30, 86 (1973).
P.L. Gai, W. Thoni, P.B. Hirsch, Philos. Mag. 35, 781 (1979).
E.P. Butler, K.F. Hale, Dynamic Experiments (North Holland, Amsterdam, 1981).
P.L. Gai (-Boyes), Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng. 34, 1 (1992).
I.M. Robertson, D. Teter, Microsc. Res. Tech. 42, 260 (1998).
R. Sharma, Microsc. Microan. 7, 494 (2001).
G.M. Parkinson, Catal. Lett. 2, 303 (1989).
R.C. Doole, G.M. Parkinson, J.M. Stead, Inst. Phys. Conf. Ser. 119, 157 (1991).
P.L. Gai, Philos. Mag. 43, 841 (1981); and J. Solid State Chem. 49, 25 (1983).
P.L. Gai, B.C. Smith, Nature 348, 430 (1990).
P.L. Gai, E.M. McCarron, Science 247, 553 (1990).
P.L. Gai, B.C. Smith, Ultramicroscopy 34, 17 (1990).
P.A. Crozier, R. Sharma, A.K. Datye, Microsc. Microan. 4, 278 (1998).
M.J. Sayagués, J.L. Hutchison, J. Solid State Chem. 143, 33 (1999).
R. Sharma, E. Schweda, D. Naedele, Chem. Mater. 13, 4014 (2001).
V.P. Oleshko, P.A. Crozier, R.D. Cantrell, A.D. Westwood, J. Electron. Microsc. 51, S27 (2002) (Suppl.).
J. Drucker, R. Sharma, J. Kouvetakis, J.K. Weiss, J. Appl. Phys. 77, 2846 (1995).
P.A. Crozier, J. Tolle, J. Kouvetakis, C. Ritter, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 3441 (2004).
W. van Dorp, R. van Someren, C. Hagen, P. Kruit, P.A. Crozier, Nano Lett. 5, 1303 (2005).
R. Sharma, M.J. McKelvy, H. Béarat, A.V.G. Chizmeshya, R.W. Carpenter, Philos. Mag. 84, 2711 (2004).
M.J. McKelvy, R. Sharma, AV.G. Chizmeshya, R.W. Carpenter, K. Streib, Chem. Mater. 13, 921 (2001).
R.-J. Liu, P.A. Crozier, C.M. Smith, D. Hucul, J. Blackson, G. Salaita, Appl. Catal. A 282, 111 (2005).
P.L. Gai, K. Kourtakis, et al., Science 267, 661 (1995).
E.D. Boyes, P.L. Gai, Ultramicroscopy 67, 219 (1997).
R. Sharma, P.A. Crozier, Transmission Electron Microscopy for Nanotechnology Z.L. Wang, Ed., 531 (Springer-Verlag and Tsinghua University Press, 2005).
C. Lopez-Cartes, S. Bernal, J.J. Calvino, M. Cauqui, G. Blanco, J. Perez-Omil, J. Pintado, S. Helveg, P.L. Hansen, Chem. Comm. 644 (2003).
J. Haggin, Am. Chem. Soc. Chem. Eng. News 73 (30), 39 (1995).
M. Jacoby, Am. Chem. Soc. Chem. Eng. News 80 (31), 26 (2002).
P.L. Gai, K. Kourtakis, E.D. Boyes, Catal. Lett. 102, 1 (2005).
P.L. Gai, Microsc. Microan. 8, 21 (2002).
P.L. Gai, E.D. Boyes, Electron Microscopy in Heterogeneous Catalysis (Institute of Physics Publ., UK, USA, 2003).
J.M. Thomas, P.L. Gai, Adv. Catal. 48, 171 (2004).
P.L. Gai, C.C. Torardi, E.D. Boyes, Ch. 45, 745: Turning Points in Soid State Chemistry, (Eds: K.D.M. Harris and P.P.Edwards), Royal Society of Chemistry U.K. (2007).
R. Wang, P.A. Crozier, R. Sharma, J. Adams, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 18278 (2006).
T.W. Hansen, J. Wagner, P.L. Hansen, S. Dahl, H. Topsoe, J. Jacobsen, Science 294, 1504 (2001).
R. Sharma, P.A. Crozier, Z.C. Kang, L. Eyring, Philos. Mag. 84, 2731 (2004).
P.W. Hawkes, J.C. Spence, Eds., Science of Microscopy (Springer, 2006).
S. Helveg, C. Lopez-Cartes, J. Sehested, P.L. Hansen, B. Clausen, J. Rostrup-Nielsen, F. Abild-Pedersen, J. Norskov, Nature 427, 426 (2004).
S.R. Hofmann, R. Sharma, C. Ducati, G. Du, C. Mattevi, C. Cepek, M. Cantoro, S. Pisana, A. Parvez, F. Cervantes-Sodi, A.C. Ferrari, R. Dunin-Borkowski, S. Lizzit, L. Petaccia, A. Goldoni, J. Robertson, Nano Lett. 7, 602 (2007).
R. Sharma, P. Rez, M. Brown, G.H. Du, M.M.J. Treacy, Nanotechnology 18, 125602 (2007).
F.M. Ross, J. Tersoff, M.C. Reuter, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 146104 (2005).
R.S. Wagner, W.C. Ellis, Appl. Phys. Lett. 4, 89 (1964).
S. Kodambaka, J. Tersoff, M.C. Reuter, F.M. Ross, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 096105 (2006).
J.B. Hannon, S. Kodambaka, F.M. Ross, R.M. Tromp, Nature 440, 45 (2006).
S. Kodambaka, J. Tersoff, M.C. Reuter, F.M. Ross, Science 316, 729 (2007).
K.A. Dick, S. Kodambaka, M.C. Reuter, K. Deppert, L. Samuelson, W. Seifert, L.R. Wallenberg, F.M. Ross, Nano Lett. 7, 1817 (2007).
M.J. Williamson, R.M. Tromp, P.M. Vereecken, R. Hull, F.M. Ross, Nat. Mater. 2, 532 (2003).
A. Radisic, P.M. Vereecken, J.B. Hannon, P.C. Searson, F.M. Ross, Nano Lett. 6, 238 (2006).
A. Radisic, P.M. Vereecken, P.C. Searson, F.M. Ross, Surf. Sci. 600, 1817 (2006).
A. Radisic, F.M. Ross, P.C. Searson, J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 7862 (2006).
http://www.hummingbirdscientific.com/products/liquid_cell_holder/product_FH_2000_TEM.pdf.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gai, P.L., Sharma, R. & Ross, F.M. Environmental (S)TEM Studies of Gas–Liquid–Solid Interactions under Reaction Conditions. MRS Bulletin 33, 107–114 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.23
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2008.23