Skip to main content
Log in

Process Monitoring of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites

  • Technical Feature
  • Published:
MRS Bulletin Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article presents a review of optical-fiber-based process-monitoring techniques that can be used to track the chemical reactions that take place during the processing of materials, with specific reference to thermosetting resins. The techniques covered include quantitative process-monitoring methods based on near and mid-infrared, Raman, UV-visible, evanescent wave, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The basis for refractive-index-based process monitoring using optical fibers is also presented. The techniques described here can be readily applied to other classes of materials and other areas of interest such as aging and degradation. Recent advances in noncontact process monitoring are also presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Engineering Materials Handbook, Vol. 1: Composites, edited by T.J. Reinhart (ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1987.

  2. S.C. Switalki, T. Colin, N. Redden, E. Stahlecker, and V. Parthasarathy, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3538 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1999) p. 158.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. G. Lachenal, Analusis 26 (4) (1998) p. M20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. H. Dannenberg, J.W. Forbes, and A.C. Jones, Anal. Chem. 32 (3) (1960) p. 365.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. S.L. Storm, “Absolute Specular Reflectance Measurements at Fixed Angles,” Application Note 4 (Labsphere, North Sutton, N.H., 1998).

  6. C. Degueldre, S. O’Prey, and W. Francioni, Corros. Sci. 38 (10) (1996) p. 1763.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. F.H. Lohman and W.E. Norteman, Anal. Chem. 35 (6) (1963) p. 707.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. A.M.C. Davies and R. Giangiacomo, eds., Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIR Publications, Chichester, UK, 2000).

    Google Scholar 

  9. K. Yamamoto and H. Ishida, Vib. Spectrosc. 15 (1997) p. 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. C. Degueldre, L. Fuks, and E. Schenker, Meas. Sci. Technol. 9 (1998) p. 809.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. C.H. Blazquez, H.N. Nigg, L.E. Hedley, L.E. Ramos, and S.E. Simpson, Hort Technol. 6 (1) (1996) p. 73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. N.J. Harrick, Internal Reflection Spectroscopy (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  13. C.N. Banwell, Fundamentals of Molecular Spectroscopy (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1972).

    Google Scholar 

  14. K.T.V. Grattan and Z.Y. Zhang, Fiber Optic Fluorescence Thermometry (Chapman & Hall, New York, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  15. B. Culshaw and J. Dakin, eds., Optical Fiber Sensors: Systems and Applications, Vol. 2 (Artech House, Norwood, MA, 1989).

  16. P.A. Crosby and G.F. Fernando, in Optical Fiber Sensor Technology, Vol. 3, edited by K.T.V. Grattan and B.T. Meggitt (Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, 1999) p. 57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. D. Archibald, L.T. Lin, and D.E. Honigs, Appl. Spectrosc. 42 (1988) p. 468.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. D. Archibald, C.E. Miller, L.T. Lin, and D.E. Honigs, Appl. Spectrosc. 42 (1988) p. 1549.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. P.A. Crosby, G.R. Powell, G.F. Fernando, C.M. France, D.N. Waters, and R.C. Spooncer, “Cure Monitoring of Epoxy Resins Using Optical Fiber Sensors,” presented at Sensors and Their Applications VII, Institute of Physics, Dublin, September 10–13, 1995.

    Google Scholar 

  20. G.A. George, P. Cole-Clarke, N.S. John., and G. Friend, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 42 (1991) p. 643.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. J. Mijovic, S. Andjelic, and J.M. Kenny, Polym. Adv. Technol. 7 (1995) p. 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. D.G. Rogers, E. Marand, D.J.T. Hill, and G.A. George, High Perform. Polym. 11 (1999) p. 27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. R.G. May, J.M. Sanderson, and R.O. Claus, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2194 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Belling-ham, WA, 1994) p. 46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. T. Liu, G.F. Fernando, Z. Zhang, and K.T.V. Grattan, Sens. Actuators, A: Phys. 80 (3) (2000) p. 208.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. P.A. Crosby, C. Doyle, C. Tuck, M. Singh, and G.F. Fernando, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3670 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1999) p. 144.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. M.J. Lysaght, J.A. Van Zee, and J.B. Callis, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 62 (2) (1991) p. 507.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. T. Liu, S. Elsby, and G.F. Fernando, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 3670 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1999) p. 134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. P.A. Crosby, G.R. Powell, T. Liu, M. Wu, and G.F. Fernando, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2895 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1996) p. 109.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Y.M. Liu, C. Ganesh, J.P.H. Steele, and J.E. Jones, J. Compos. Mater. 31 (1) (1997) p. 87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Cusano, G. Breglio, M. Giordano, A. Calabro, A. Cutolo, and L. Nicolais, Sens. Actuators, A 84 (2000) p. 270.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. A.J. Bur and C.L. Thomas, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 17 (15) (1998) p. 1382.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. P. Radhakrishnan, V.P.N. Nampoori, and C.P.G. Vallabhan, Opt. Eng. 32 (4) (1993) p. 692.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. S.L. Cossins, M.E. Connell, W.M. Cross, R.M. Winter, and J.J. Kellar, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2836 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1996) p. 147.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. I. Schnitzer and A. Katzir, J. Appl. Phys. 66 (11) (1989) p. 5667.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. A.R. Lennie and F. Kvasnik, Anal. Chim. Acta 281 (1993) p. 265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. D. Jose, M.S. John, P. Radhakrishnan, V.P.N. Nampoori, and C.P.G. Vallabhan, Thin Solid Films 325 (1998) p. 264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. G. Steiner and C.P. Renschen, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1796 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1992) p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  38. N. Nath and S. Anand, Opt. Eng. 37 (1) (1998) p. 220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. H.M. Heise, G. Voigt, P. Lampen, L. Kuper, S. Rudloff, and G. Werner, Appl. Spectrosc. 55 (4) (2001) p. 434.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. T.B. Colin, K.H. Yang, and M.A. Arnold, Appl. Spectrosc. 46 (7) (1992) p. 1129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Z. Ge, C.W. Brown, L. Sun, and S.C. Yang, Anal. Chem. 65 (1993) p. 2335.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. D. Bunimovich, E. Belotserkovsky, and A. Katzir, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 66 (4) (1995) p. 2818.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. E.E. Tapanes, J.R. Goode, P.L. Rossiter, and A.J. Hill, Mater. Sci. Forum 189–190 (1995) p. 205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. T.R. Glass, S. Lackie, and T. Hirschfeld, Appl. Opt. 26 (11) (1987) p. 2181.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. A.G. Mignani, R. Falciai, and L. Ciaccheri, Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (4) (1998) p. 546.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. J.P. Conzen, J. Burck, and H.J. Ache, Appl. Spectrosc. 47 (6) (1993) p. 753.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. G.L. Klunder, J. Burck, H.J. Ache, R.J. Silva, and R.E. Russo, Appl. Spectrosc. 48 (3) (1994) p. 387.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. S.A. Merschman and D.C. Tilotta, Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (1) (1998) p. 106.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. D.S. Blair, Anal. Chem. 69 (13) (1997) p. 2238.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. L.L. Blyler, R.A. Lieberman, L.G. Cohen, J.A. Ferrara, and J.B. MacChesney, Polym. Eng. Sci. 29 (17) (1989) p. 1215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. D.S. Blair, L.W. Burgess, and A.M. Brodsky, Appl. Spectrosc. 49 (11) (1995) p. 1636.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. D.S. Blair and J. Bando, Environ. Sci. Technol. 32 (1998) p. 294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. R.A. Neff, D.L. Woerdeman, and R.S. Parnas, Polym. Compos. 18 (4) (1997) p. 518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. D.L. Woerdeman, K.M. Flynn, J.D. Dunkers, and R.S. Parnas, J. Reinf. Plast. Comp. 15 (9) (1996) p. 922.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. J.S. Sanghera, F.H. Kung, P.C. Puzera, V.Q. Nguyen, R.E. Miklos, and I.D. Aggarwal, Appl. Opt. 33 (27) (1994) p. 6315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. I.F. Jaffe, A. Bornstein, and M. Katz, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (1991) p. 7042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. M.A. Druy, P.J. Glatkowski, and W.A. Stevenson, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1587 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1991) p. 199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. R.E. Jonas and M.S. Braiman, Appl. Spectrosc. 47 (11) (1993) p. 1751.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. R.A. Potyrailo, S.E. Hoobbs, and G.M. Hieftje, Anal. Chem. 70 (8) (1998) p. 1639.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. F.J. Johnson, M.E. Connell, E.F. Duke, W.M. Cross, and J.J. Kellar, Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (8) (1998) p. 1126.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. P.A. Crosby, G.R. Powell, G.F. Fernando, R.C. Spooncer, C.M. France, and D.N. Waters, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 2718 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1996) p. 80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. J.P. Dunkers, K.M. Flynn, M.T. Huang, and W.G. McDonough, Appl. Spectrosc. 52 (4) (1998) p. 552.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. P.R. Young, M.A. Druy, W.A. Stevenson, and D.A.C. Compton, SAMPE J. 25 (2) (1989) p. 11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. D.A.C. Compton, S.L. Hill, N.A. Wright, and M.A. Druy, Appl. Spectrosc. 42 (1988) p. 972.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. M.A. Druy and L. Elandjian, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 986 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1988) p. 130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. D. Bunimovich, R. Kellner, R. Krska, and A. Mesica, J. Mol. Struct. 292 (1993) p. 125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. M.A. Druy and P.J. Glatkowski, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 42 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1992) p. 805.

    Google Scholar 

  68. M.A. Druy, P.J. Glatkowski, and W.A. Stevenson, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1591 (SPIE—The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1991) p. 218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. R.E. Lyon, K.E. Chike, and S.M. Angel, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 53 (1994) p. 1805.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. C.M. Stellman, J.F. Aust, and M.L. Myrick, Appl. Spectrosc. 49 (3) (1995) p. 392.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. K.C. Hong, T.M. Vess, R.E. Lyon, K.E. Chike, J.F. Aust, and M.L. Myrick, “Remote Cure Monitoring of Polymeric Resins by Laser Raman Spectroscopy,” Proc. 38th International SAMPE Symposium (SAMPE, Covina, CA, 1993) p. 427.

    Google Scholar 

  72. J.F. Aust, K.S. Booksh, and M.L. Myrick, Appl. Spectrosc. 50 (3) (1996) p. 382.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. J.F. Aust, K.S. Booksh, C.M. Stellman, R.S. Parnas, and M.L. Myrick, Appl. Spectrosc. 51 (2) (1997) p. 247.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. C.M. Stellman, K.S. Booksh, A.R. Muroski, M.P. Nelson, and M.L. Myrick, Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater. 7 (1–2) (1998) p. 51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. J.C. Sprunt and U.A. Jayasooriya, Appl. Spectrosc. 51 (9) (1997) p. 1410.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. T.F. Cooney, H.T. Skinner, and S.M. Angel, Appl. Spectrosc. 50 (7) (1996) p. 836.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. T.F. Cooney, H.T. Skinner, and S.M. Angel, Appl. Spectrosc. 50 (7) (1996) p. 849.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. J.F. Maguire and P.L. Talley, J. Adv. Mater. 26 (2) (1995) p. 27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. I.R. Lewis and P.R. Griffiths, Appl. Spectrosc. 50 (10) (1996) p. 12A.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. B.P. Rice, “Monitoring of Composite Resin Cure with a Tool-Mounted UV-VIS-NIR Fiber Optic Sensor,” Proc. 38th International SAMPE Symposium (SAMPE, Covina, CA, 1993) p. 893.

    Google Scholar 

  81. H.J. Paik and N.H. Sung, Polym. Eng. Sci. 34 (12) (1994) p. 1025.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. W. Dang and N.H. Sung, Polym. Eng. Sci. 34 (9) (1994) p. 707.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. D.L. Woerdeman, K.M. Flynn, J.P. Dunkers, and R.S. Parnas, J. Reinf. Plast. Compos. 15 (1996) p. 922.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. A. Fuchs and N.H. Sung, “Composite Interphase Study by Evanescent Fiber-Optic Fluorescence,” Proc. Antec ’95 (Society of Plastics Engineers, Brookfield, CT, 1995) p. 2437.

    Google Scholar 

  85. A. Fuchs and N. Sung, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng. 71 (1994) p. 439.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. D.L. Woerdeman and R.S. Parnas, Plast. Eng. 51 (10) (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  87. B. Mitra and D.J. Booth, Ultrasonics 35 (1998) p. 569.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. J.Y. Chen, S.V. Hoa, C.K. Jen, and H. Wang, J. Compos. Mater. 33 (20) (1999) p. 1860.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. B. Zhang, Z. Zu, D. Wang, and S. Du, Opt. Eng. 40 (4) (2001) p. 612.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. P. Suopajarvi, V. Lyori, S. Nissila, and H. Kopola, Opt. Eng. 34 (9) (1995) p. 2587.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  91. E. Udd, Fiber Optic Sensors: An Introduction for Engineers and Scientists (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  92. W.B. Lyons, H. Ewald, C. Flanagan, S. Lochmann, and E. Lewis, Meas. Sci. Technol. 12 (2001) p. 958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. J.R. Dunphy, G. Meltz, F.P. Lamm, and W.W. Morey, in Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1370 (SPIE— The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1990) p. 116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. V.M. Murukeshan, P.Y. Chan, L.S. Ong, and L.K. Seah, Sens. Actuators, A 79 (2000) p. 153.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. V. Dewynter-Marty and P. Ferdinand, J. Intell. Mater. Sys. Struct. 9 (1998) p. 785.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. T. Liu, G.F. Fernando, Y. Rao, D.A. Jackson, L. Zhang, and I. Bennion, J. Smart Mater. Struct. 7 (1998) p. 550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. G. Kister, B. Ralph, and G.F. Fernando, Adv. Eng. Mater. 3 (9) (2001) p. 711.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. V. Strehmel and T. Scherzer, Eur. Polym. J. 30 (3) (1994) p. 361.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. K.E. Chike, M.L. Myrick, R.E. Lyon, and S.M. Angel, Appl. Spectrosc. 47 (10) (1993) p. 1631.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. T. Scherzer, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 51 (1994) p. 491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Paputa M.C. Peck, R.O. Carter III, and S.B.A. Qaderi, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 33 (1987) p. 77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. B.G. Min, Z.H. Stachurski, J.H. Hodgkin, and G.R. Heath, Polymer 34 (17) (1993) p. 3620.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. B.G. Min, D.K. Shin, Z.H. Stachurski, and J.H. Hodgkin, Polym. Bull. 33 (1994) p. 465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. N.A.S. John and G.A. George, Polymer 33 (13) (1992) p. 2679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. C.J. DeBakker, G.A. George, N.A.S. John., and P.M. Fredericks, Spectrochim. Acta 49A (5) (1993) p. 739.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. C.J. DeBakker, N.A.S. John., and G.A. George, Polymer 34 (4) (1993) p. 716.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. J.H. Fu and J.R. Schlup, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 49 (1993) p. 219.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. L. Xu, J.H. Fu, and J.R. Schlup, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 (1994) p. 2821.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Degamber, B., Fernando, G.F. Process Monitoring of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites. MRS Bulletin 27, 370–380 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.122

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs2002.122

Keywords

Navigation