Abstract
The state of Phillips Cr/silica catalyst technology is discussed in this article, including recent advances in the science and also economic and environmental challenges to its continued viability. Although these catalysts have often been described as “mature,” many new innovations have been introduced in the past decade that reduce cost, improve quality, and expand the range of products that can be made. Polymers having unusually high, and low, levels of long-chain branching have been introduced. Several advances in the control of the short-chain branch distribution have also been made. Ways to lower the catalyst costs have been successfully implemented, such that Phillips-type catalysts are still the least expensive in the industry. Finally, new chromium-containing hybrid catalysts have been made that marry attributes from single-site and conventional Cr oxide catalysts.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M.P. McDaniel, in Advances in Catalysis, B.C. Gates, H. Knoezinger, F.C. Jentoft, Eds. (Academic Press, Elsevier, NY), vol. 53, pp. 123 – 606.
C.N. Nenu, E. Groppo, C. Lamberti, A.M. Beale, T. Visser, A. Zecchina, B.M. Weckhuysen, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 46, 1465 (2007).
E. Groppo, A. Damin, C.O. Arean, A. Zecchina, Chem. Eur. J. 17, 11110 (2011).
E. Groppo, C. Lamberti, S. Bordiga, G. Spoto, A. Zecchina, Chem. Rev. 105, 115 (2005).
E. Groppo, C. Lamberti, G. Spoto, S. Bordiga, G. Magnacca, A. Zecchina, J. Catal. 236, 233 (2005).
A. Zecchina, S. Bertarione, A. Damin, D. Scarano, C. Lamberti, C. Prestipino, G. Spoto, S. Bordiga, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 5, 4414 (2003).
Y. Fang, B. Liu, K. Hasebe, M. Terano, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 43, 4632 (2005).
Y. Fang, W. Xia, M. He, B. Liu, K. Hasebe, M. Terano, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 47, 240 (2006).
W. Xia, K. Tonosaki, T. Taniike, M. Terano, T. Fujitani, B. Liu, J. Appl. Polym. ci. 111, 1869 (2009).
H. Ikeda, T. Monoi, Y. Sasaki, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 41, 413 (2003).
T. Monoi, H. Ikeda, Y. Sasaki, Y. Matsumoto, Polym. J. 35 (7), 608 (2003).
E. Groppo, C. Lamberti, S. Bordiga, G. Spoto, A. Zecchina, J. Catal. 240, 72 (2006).
S.L. Scott, J.A.N. Ajjou, Chem. Eng. Sci. 56, 4155 (2001).
B. Liu, H. Nakatani, M. Terano, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 184, 387 (2002).
L. Zhong, Z. Liu, R. Cheng, S. Tang, P. Qiu, X. He, M. Terano, B. Liu, Chem. at. Chem. 4, 872 (2012).
S. Bordiga, S. Bertarione, A. Damina, C. Prestipino, G. Spoto, C. Lamberti,. Zecchina, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 204 – 205, 527 (2003).
A. Zecchina, E. Groppo, A. Damin, C. Prestipino, Top. Organomet. Chem. 6, 1 (2005).
B. Liu, H. Nakatani, M. Terano, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem. 201, 189 (2003).
Y.V. Kissin, A.J. Brandolini, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 46, 5330 2008).
E. Schwerdtfeger, R. Buck, M.P. McDaniel, Appl. Catal., A 423 – 424, 91 (2012).
L.M. Baker, W.L. Carrick, J. Org. Chem. 33 (2), 616 (1968).
B. Liu, Y. Fang, M. Terano, Mol. Simul. 30 (15), 963 (2004).
X.R. Xu, H.B. Li, X.Y. Li, J.D. Gu, Chemosphere 57, 609 (2004).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, E.A. Benham, J. Catal. 252 (2), 281 (2007).
T. Monoi, M. Yamamoto, H. Torigoe, Y. Ishahara, S. Inazawa, US Patent, 326, 443 (December 4, 2001).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, J.L. Smith, E.A. Benham, M.M. Johnson, A.P. Eaton, M.D. Jensen, J.L. Martin, G.R. Hawley, US Patent 6,992,032, (January 31, 2006).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, E.A. Benham, T.H. Cymbaluk, Appl. Catal., A 335 (2), 252 (2008).
W.K. Józwiak, W. Ignaczak, D. Dominiak, T.P. Maniecki, Appl. Catal., A 258, 33 (2004).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, E.A. Benham, T.H. Cymbaluk, Appl. Catal., A 335 (2), 180 (2008).
M.P. McDaniel, M.B. Welch, M.J. Dreiling, J. Catal. 82, 118 (1983).
J.P. Hogan, US Patent 3,130,188 (April 21, 1964).
L.R. Kallenbach, US Patent 3,445,367 (May 1969).
M.P. McDaniel, M.B. Welch, J. Catal. 82, 110 (1983).
M.P. McDaniel, E.A. Benham, S.J. Martin, US Patent 4,988,657 (January 29, 1991); US Patent 5,171,801 (December 15, 1992).
C. Barzan, E. Groppo, E.A. Quadrelli, V. Monteilb, S. Bordiga, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 14, 2239 (2012).
M.P. McDaniel, J.D. Jensen, K. Jayaratne, K.S. Collins, E.A. Benham, N.D. McDaniel, P.K. Das, J.L. Martin, Q. Yang, M.G. Thorn, A.P. Masino, in Tailor-Made Polymers, J.R. Severn, J.C. Chadwick, Eds. (Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Weinheim, Germany, 2008), Chap. 7, pp. 171 – 210.
M.P. McDaniel, E.A. Benham, S.J. Martin, K.S. Collins, J.L. Smith, G.R. Hawley, C.E. Wittner, M.D. Jensen, US Patent 6,300,271 (October 9, 2001).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, M.M. Johnson, J.L. Smith, E.A. Benham, G.R. Hawley, C.E. Wittner, M.D. Jensen, US Patent 6,107,230 (August 22, 2000).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, E.A. Benham, P.J. Deslauriers, US Patent 6,214,642 (May 8, 2007).
P.J. DesLauriers, M.P. McDaniel, D.C. Rohlfing, R.K. Krishnaswamy, S.J. Secora, E.A. Benham, P.L. Maeger, A.R. Wolfe, A.M. Sukhadia, W.B. Beaulieu, Polym. Eng. Sci. 45 (9), 1203 (2005).
J.L. Hernandez Vaquero, S. Segura, V. Hernandez Borjabad, E.A. Benham, M.P. McDaniel, R. Seltzer, P.M. Frontini, Eur. Tech. J. 552, 570 (2002).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, US Patent 8,211,988 (July 3, 2012).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, US Patent 7,638,456 (December 29, 2009).
Y.T. Chua, P.C. Stair, I.E. Wachs, J. Phys. Chem. 105, 8600 (2001).
A. Zecchina, D. Scarano, S. Bordiga, G. Spoto, Adv. Catal. 46, 265 (2001).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, E.A. Benham, A.P. Eaton, M.D. Jensen, J.L. Martin, G.R. Hawley, E.T. Hsieh, US Patent 6,750,302 (June 15, 2004).
M.P. McDaniel, E.A. Benham, M.D. Jensen, K.S. Collins, J.L. Martin, G.R. Hawley, US Patent 7,163,906 (January 16, 2007).
P.J. DesLauriers, M.P. McDaniel, J. Polym. Sci. 45 (15), 3135 (2007).
J.P. Hogan, C.T. Levett, R.T. Werkman, SPE J. 23 (11), 87 (1967).
M.P. McDaniel, D.C. Rohlfing, E.A. Benham, Polym. React. Eng. 11 (2), 101 (2003).
Y. Yu, E.D. Schwerdtfeger, M.P. McDaniel, J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 50, 1166 (2012).
Q. Yang, M.D. Jensen, M.P. McDaniel, Macromolecules 43, 8836 (2010).
J.P. Hogan, A.G. Kitchen, US Patent 3,225,023 (December 21, 1965).
R.E. Dietz, US Patent 3,887,494 (June 3, 1975).
A. Baricordi, US Patent 3,119,569 (January 28, 1964).
J.P. Hogan, D.D. Norwood, US Patent 4,053,436 (October 11, 1977).
M.P. McDaniel, ACS Catal. 1, 1394 (2011).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, J. Catal. 261, 34 (2009).
M.P. McDaniel, K.S. Collins, J. Polym. Sci., Part 1: Chem. 47 (3), 845 (2009).
J.S. Shveima, M.P. McDaniel, S.J. Martin, K.S. Collins, E.A. Benham, A.P. Eaton, A.M Sukhadia, US Patent 6,538,077 (November 1999); US Patent 6,716,938 (April 2004).
D.S. McGuinness, Chem. Rev. 111 (3), 2321 (2011).
W.K. Reagen, B.K. Conroy, US Patent 5,198,563 (March 30, 1993).
W.K. Reagen, M.P. McDaniel, US Patent 5,382,738 (January 17, 1995).
W.K. Reagen, T.M. Pettijohn, S.J. Martin, US Patent 5,331,070 (July 19, 1994).
R.K. Reagen, T.M. Pettijohn, J.W. Freeman, US Patent 5,523,507 (June 4, 1996).
E.A. Benham, P.D. Smith, M.P. McDaniel, Polym. Eng. Sci. (SPE) 28 (22), 1469 (1988).
E.A. Benham, P.D. Smith, E.T. Hsieh, M.P. McDaniel, J. Macromol. Sci., Chem. A 25 (3), 259 (1988).
J.T. Dixon, M.J. Green, F.M. Hess, D.H. Morgan, J. Organomet. Chem. 689, 3641 (2004).
A. Bollmann, K. Blann, J.T. Dixon, F.M. Hess, E. Killian, H. Maumela, D.S. McGuinness, D.H. Morgan, A. Neveling, S. Otto, M. Overett, A.M.Z. Slawin, P. Wasserscheid, S. Kuhlmann, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 14712 (2004).
K. Blann, A. Bollmann, J.T. Dixon, A. Neveling, D.H Morgan, H. Maumela, E. Killian, F. Hess, S. Otto, L. Pepler, H. Mahomed, M. Overett, WO Patent 04056479A1 (Sasol Technology, 2004).
W.B. Beaulieu, SPI Conference, Film and Packaging (Dallas, TX, May 2012).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McDaniel, M. Some reflections on the current state of Cr-based polymerization catalysts. MRS Bulletin 38, 234–238 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.48
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2013.48