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Energy conversion systems: Molecular architecture engineering of metal precursors and their applications to vapor phase and solution routes

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Abstract

A careful engineering of the central metal coordination spheres provides adducts with excellent properties for application as precursors in vapor phase and solution processes. The family of precursors under study concerns the fluorinated metal-organic β-diketonates of alkaline, alkaline-earth and rare-earth metals adducted with a polyether, with general formula M(hfa)n·L (M = Ca, Na, Y, Yb, Er, Tm; Hhfa = 1,1,1,5,5,5 hexafluoroacetylacetone, L = diglyme or tetraglyme). Mass transport properties, such as volatility and thermal stability, of these adducts have been deeply analyzed through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric measurements. These properties are rationalized in relation to the metal coordination sphere in the precursors and their applications. In particular, the precursors under focus have been applied to metal organic chemical vapor deposition and a combined sol–gel/spin-coating approach. Both methods allow us to obtain selectively and reproducibly CaF2 and NaYF4 phases with several combinations of lanthanide doping ions, using a proper mixture of fluorinated precursors. A careful optimization of both synthetic strategies is the key point for the production of different lanthanide-doped binary and multicomponent fluoride films, i.e., CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+; CaF2:Yb3+,Tm3+; CaF2:Yb3+,Er3+,Tm3+ and NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+; NaYF4:Yb3+,Tm3+, with suitable morphologies, compositions and crystalline structures. The films show very promising upconversion properties, thus pointing to their appealing applications in photovoltaic systems and white light emission devices.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the University of Catania for financial support within the “Piano della Ricerca di Ateneo 2016–2018” and the University of Verona for funding in the framework of the project “Joint Projects 2018”. A. L. P. and G. M. thank the Bio-nanotech Research and Innovation Tower (BRIT) laboratory of the University of Catania (Grant No. PONa3_00136 financed by MIUR) for the Smartlab diffractometer facility.

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania and INSTM UdR Catania, Catania, 95125, Italy

    Graziella Malandrino & Anna Lucia Pellegrino

  2. Nanomaterials Research Group, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università di Verona and INSTM UdR Verona, Verona, 37134, Italy

    Giacomo Lucchini & Adolfo Speghini

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  1. Graziella Malandrino
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Malandrino, G., Pellegrino, A.L., Lucchini, G. et al. Energy conversion systems: Molecular architecture engineering of metal precursors and their applications to vapor phase and solution routes. Journal of Materials Research 35, 2950–2966 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2020.253

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