Abstract
This study investigated the compressive response of ice-templated composites and provides an understanding of their mechanical behavior based on the properties of templated ceramic and epoxy. Results suggested a dependence of properties on the microstructure of the templated porous ceramic, whereas more interestingly composites exhibited catastrophic and progressive types of failure. Compressive strength was found to be markedly greater relative to the strength of templated ceramic and polymer, and irrespective of the failure type, strength was greatly enhanced under dynamic loading relative to quasistatic loading. Compressive strength was also calculated based on the rule of mixtures and mode of failure in ice-templated ceramic. The analysis suggested that the axial mode of failure was not dominant in composites, and failures resulted from the fracture of lamella walls, possibly due to elastic instability. Fragments of the composite specimens were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy to study the fracture characteristics and rationalize the catastrophic and progressive types of failure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
U.G.K. Wegst, H. Bai, E. Saiz, A.P. Tomsia, and R.O. Ritchie: Bioinspired structural materials. Nat. Mater. 14, 23 (2015).
R.O. Ritchie: In pursuit of damage tolerance in engineering and biological materials. MRS Bull. 39, 880 (2014).
S. Acharya and A.K. Mukhopadhyay: Dynamic compressive fracture of ceramic polymer layered composites. Procedia Eng. 86, 281 (2014).
S. Deville, E. Saiz, R.K. Nalla, and A.P. Tomsia: Freezing as a path to build complex composites. Science 311, 515 (2006).
M.M. Porter, R. Imperio, M. Wen, M.A. Meyers, and J. McKittrick: Bioinspired scaffolds with varying pore architectures and mechanical properties. Adv. Funct. Mater. 24, 1978 (2014).
D. Ghosh, N. Dhavale, M. Banda, and H. Kang: A comparison of microstructure and uniaxial compressive response of ice-templated alumina scaffolds fabricated from two different particle sizes. Ceram. Int. 42, 16138 (2016).
D. Ghosh, H. Kang, M. Banda, and V. Kamaha: Influence of anisotropic grains (platelets) on the microstructure and uniaxial compressive response of ice-templated sintered alumina scaffolds. Acta Mater. 125, 1 (2017).
D. Ghosh, M. Banda, H. Kang, and N. Dhavale: Platelets-induced stiffening and strengthening of ice-templated highly porous alumina scaffolds. Scr. Mater. 125, 29 (2016).
S. Deville: Ice-templating, freeze casting: Beyond materials processing. J. Mater. Res. 28, 2202 (2013).
S. Deville, S. Meille, and J. Seuba: A meta-analysis of the mechanical properties of ice-templated ceramics and metals. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 16, 43501 (2015).
Z. Liu, Y. Zhu, D. Jiao, Z. Weng, Z. Zhang, and R.O. Ritchie: Enhanced protective role in materials with gradient structural orientations: Lessons from Nature. Acta Biomater. 44, 31 (2016).
A. Jumahat, C. Soutis, F.R. Jones, and A. Hodzic: Effect of silica nanoparticles on compressive properties of an epoxy polymer. J. Mater. Sci. 45, 5973 (2010).
M. Banda and D. Ghosh: Effects of porosity and strain rate on the uniaxial compressive response of ice-templated sintered macroporous alumina. Acta Mater. 149, 179 (2018).
M. Munro: Evaluated material properties for a sintered alpha-alumina. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80, 1919 (1997).
R.C. Bradt, D.P.H. Haselman, D. Munz, M. Sakai, and V.Y. Sherchenko: Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics (Springer Science & Business Media, Inc., New York, NY, 2005).
J. Lankford: Mechanisms responsible for strain-rate-dependent compressive strength in ceramic materials. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 64, 33 (1981).
J. Lankford, W.W. Predebon, J.M. Staehler, G. Subhash, B.J. Pletka, and C.E. Anderson: The role of plasticity as a limiting factor in the compressive failure of high strength ceramics. Mech. Mater. 29, 205 (1998).
N.K. Naik, P.J. Shankar, V.R. Kavala, G. Ravikumar, J.R. Pothnis, and H. Arya: High strain rate mechanical behavior of epoxy under compressive loading: Experimental and modeling studies. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 528, 846 (2011).
D. Ghosh, M. Banda, J.E. John, and D.A. Terrones: Dynamic strength enhancement and strain rate sensitivity in ice-templated ceramics processed with and without anisometric particles. Scr. Mater. 154, 236 (2018).
V.S. Deshpande and N.A. Fleck: High strain rate compressive behaviour of aluminium alloy foams. Int. J. Impact Eng. 24, 277 (2000).
Z. Wang, H. Ma, L. Zhao, and G. Yang: Studies on the dynamic compressive properties of open-cell aluminum alloy foams. Scr. Mater. 54, 83 (2006).
D.D. Luong, O.M. Strbik, V.H. Hammond, N. Gupta, and K. Cho: Development of high performance lightweight aluminum alloy/SiC hollow sphere syntactic foams and compressive characterization at quasi-static an high strain rates. J. Alloys Compd. 550, 412 (2013).
J.P. Schramm, M.D. Demetriou, W.L. Johnson, B. Poon, G. Ravichandran, and D. Rittel: Effect of strain rate on the yielding mechanism of amorphous metal foam. Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 021906 (2010).
D. Ghosh, A. Wiest, and R.D. Conner: Uniaxial quasistatic and dynamic compressive response of foams made from hollow glass microspheres. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 36, 781 (2016).
P.J. Tan, J.J. Harrigan, and S.R. Reid: Inertia effects in uniaxial dynamic compression of a closed cell aluminium alloy foam. Mater. Sci. Technol. 18, 480 (2002).
P.J. Tan, S.R. Reid, J.J. Harrigan, Z. Zou, and S. Li: Dynamic compressive strength properties of aluminium foams. Part I—Experimental data and observations. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53, 2174 (2005a).
P.J. Tan, S.R. Reid, J.J. Harrigan, Z. Zou, and S. Li: Dynamic compressive strength properties of aluminium foams. Part II—“shock” theory and comparison with experimental data and numerical models. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 53, 2206 (2005b).
H. Zhao, I. Elnasri, and S. Abdennadher: An experimental study on the behaviour under impact loading of metallic cellular materials. Int. J. Mech. Sci. 47, 757 (2005).
M. Vural and G. Ravichandran: Dynamic response and energy dissipation characteristics of balsa wood: Experiment and analysis. Int. J. Solids Struct. 40, 2147 (2003).
S.R. Reid and C. Peng: Dynamic uniaxial crushing of wood. Int. J. Impact Eng. 19, 531 (1997).
A. Lichtner, D. Roussel, D. Jauffrès, C.L. Martin, and R.K. Bordia: Effect of macropore anisotropy on the mechanical response of hierarchically porous ceramics. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 99, 979 (2016).
N. Arai and K.T. Faber: Hierarchical porous ceramics via two-stage freeze casting of preceramic polymers. Scr. Mater. 162, 72 (2019).
G.T. Gray III: Classic Split-Hopkinson pressure bar testing. In ASM Handbook Volume 8—Mechanical Testing and Evaluation (ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 2000); p. 462.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Akurati, S., Tennant, N. & Ghosh, D. Characterization of dynamic and quasistatic compressive mechanical properties of ice-templated alumina–epoxy composites. Journal of Materials Research 34, 959–971 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.30
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.30