Abstract
Composite materials include various components with different structures, which cooperatively increase their properties and extend their application. In this study, the graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) guest material was assembled into the porous of the SiO2 aerogel, which was prepared during the gel process. By this way, the g-C3N4 could be absolutely encapsulated into the porous of the disordered porous SiO2 aerogel. The prepared g-C3N4/SiO2 composite had a loose porous structure and exhibited the much higher photocatalytic activity to the photodegradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light. The disordered porous structure enhanced photocatalytic activity, and the degradation rate reached to 96.42% in 90 min under the irradiation of visible light, which could be attributed to its high surface area and effective electron–hole separation rate. The catalyst had the much higher stability and could be easily recycled utilization. The prepared composites could be applied to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
W. Li and D.Y. Zhao: An overview of the synthesis of ordered mesoporous materials. Chem. Commun. 49, 943 (2013).
A. Maraumoto, H. Misran, and K. Tsutsumi: Adsorption characteristics of organosilica based mesoporous materials. Langmuir 20, 7139 (2004).
C.X. Zhao, Q. Liu, W. Chen, T. Gao, and L.F. Xu: Synthesis and photoluminescence of Eu(DBM)3phen/APTES-SBA-15 with morphology of pearl-like chains. Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China 16, 356 (2006).
A.S. Araujo and M. Jaroniec: Thermogravimetric monitoring of the MCM-41 synthesis. Thermochim. Acta 361, 175 (2000).
H. Yu, L. Xia, and X.L. Zhao: Synthesis of particular symmetrical mesoporous silicon dioxide sphere. Synth. React. Inorg., Met.-Org., Nano-Met. Chem. 45, 1266 (2015).
M.H. Lee, J.R. Deka, C.J. Cheng, N.F. Lu, D. Saikia, Y.C. Yang, and H.M. Kao: Synthesis of highly dispersed ultra-small nanoparticles within the cage-type mesopores of 3D cubic mesoporous silica via double agent reduction method for catalytic hydrogen generation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 243, 764 (2019).
X.S. Zhao, G.Q. Lu, and G.J. Millar: Advances in mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 35, 2075 (1996).
Y.N. Yang, L. Xia, T. Zhang, B. Shi, L.N. Huang, B. Zhong, X.Y. Zhang, H.T. Wang, J. Zhang, and G.W. Wen: Fe3O4@LAS/RGO composites with a multiple transmission-absorption mechanism and enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption performance. Chem. Eng. J. 352, 510 (2018).
L. Xia, X.Y. Zhang, Y.N. Yang, J. Zhang, B. Zhong, T. Zhang, and H.T. Wang: Enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption properties of laminated SiCNW-Cf/lithium–aluminum–silicate (LAS) composites. J. Alloys Compd. 748, 154 (2018).
A. Fujishima and K. Honda: Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238, 37 (1972).
D. Chen, J. Xu, Z. Xie, and G.Z. Shen: Nanowires assembled SnO2 nanopolyhedrons with enhanced gas sensing properties. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 2112 (2011).
L. Zhen, J.Y. Sheng, Y.H. Zhang, X.J. Li, and Y.M. Xu: Role of CeO2 as oxygen promoter in the accelerated photocatalytic degradation of phenol over rutile TiO2. Appl. Catal., B 166–167, 313 (2015).
P. Ribeirinha, C. Mateos-Pedrero, M. Boaventura, J. Sousa, and A. Mendes: CuO/ZnO/Ga2O3 catalyst for low temperature MSR reaction: Synthesis, characterization and kinetic model. Appl. Catal., B 221, 371 (2018).
P.V. Kamat: TiO2 nanostructures: Recent physical chemistry advances. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 11849 (2012).
Y. Liu, L. Yu, Y. Hu, C.F. Guo, F.M. Zhang, and X.W. Lou: A magnetically separable photocatalyst based on nest-like γ-Fe2O3/ZnO double-shelled hollow structures with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale 4, 183 (2012).
T.L.B. Ferreira, L.M.P. Garcia, G.H.M. Gurgel, R.M. Nascimento, M.J. Godinho, M.R.D. Bomio, F.V. Motta, and M.H.M.J. Rodrigues: Effects of MnO2/In2O3 thin films on photocatalytic degradation 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol and methylene blue in water. J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron. 29, 12278 (2018).
L.D.S. Felipe, T. Laitinen, M. Pirilä, R.L. Keiski, and S. Ojala: Photocatalytic degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from wastewaters by TiO2, In2O3, and Ga2O3 catalysts. Top. Catal. 60, 1345 (2017).
X. Li, J.G. Yu, M. Jaroniec, and X.B. Chen: Cocatalysts for selective photoreduction of CO2 into solar fuels. Chem. Rev. 119, 3962 (2019).
X. Li, J.G. Yu, and M. Jaroniec: Hierarchical photocatalysts. Chem. Soc. Rev. 45, 2603 (2016).
X. Li, J. Xie, C.J. Jiang, J.G. Yu, and P.Y. Zhang: Review on design and evaluation of environmental photocatalysts. Front. Environ. Sci. Eng. 12, 14 (2018).
R.C. Shen, C.J. Jiang, Q.J. Xiang, J. Xie, and X. Li: Surface and interface engineering of hierarchical photocatalysts. Appl. Surf. Sci. 471, 43 (2019).
S. Challagulla and S. Roy: The role of fuel to oxidizer ratio in solution combustion synthesis of TiO2 and its influence on photocatalysis. J. Mater. Res. 14, 2764 (2017).
M. Gao, L. Zhu, W.L. Ong, J. Wang, and G.W. Ho: Structural design of TiO2-based photocatalyst for H2 production and degradation applications. Catal. Sci. Technol. 5, 4703 (2015).
H.R. Liu, C.J. Hu, H.F. Zhai, J.E. Yang, X.G. Liu, and H.S. Jia: Fabrication of In2O3/ZnO@Ag nanowire ternary composites with enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. RSC Adv. 7, 37220 (2017).
J. Rashid, M.A. Barakat, N. Salah, and S.S. Habib: Ag/ZnO nanoparticles thin films as visible light photocatalysts. RSC Adv. 4, 56892 (2014).
H.J. You, R. Liu, C.C. Liang, S.C. Yang, F. Wang, X.G. Lu, and B.J. Ding: Gold nanoparticle doped hollow SnO2 supersymmetric nanostructures for improved photocatalysis. J. Mater. Chem. A 1, 4097 (2013).
W. Wu, S.F. Zhang, F. Ren, X.H. Xiao, J. Zhou, and C.Z. Jiang: Controlled synthesis of magnetic iron oxides@SnO2 quasi-hollow core–shell heterostructures: Formation mechanism, and enhanced photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale 3, 4676 (2011).
J. Wang, N. Zhang, J.Z. Su, and L.J. Guo: α-Fe2O3 quantum dots: Low-cost synthesis and photocatalytic oxygen evolution capabilities. RSC Adv. 6, 41060 (2016).
R.Y. Zhang, W.C. Wan, D.W. Li, F. Dong, and Y. Zhou: Three-dimensional MoS2/reduced graphene oxide aerogel as a macroscopic visible-light photocatalyst. Chin. J. Catal. 38, 313 (2017).
S. Mahzoon, S.M. Nowee, and M. Haghighi: Synergetic combination of 1D–2D g-C3N4 heterojunction nanophotocatalyst for hydrogen production via water splitting under visible light irradiation. Renewable Energy 127, 433 (2018).
Z. Feng, L. Zeng, Y.J. Chen, Y.Y. Ma, C.R. Zhao, R.S. Jin, and Y. Lu: In situ preparation of Z-scheme MoO3/g-C3N4 composite with high performance in photocatalytic CO2 reduction and RhB degradation. J. Mater. Res. 32, 3660 (2017).
S.R. Fu, Y.M. He, Q. Wu, Y. Wu, and T.H. Wu: Visible-light responsive plasmonic Ag2O/Ag/g-C3N4 nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B. J. Mater. Res. 31, 2252 (2016).
M. Wang, M.H. Fang, C. Tang, L.N. Zhang, Z.H. Huang, Y.G. Liu, and X.W. Wu: A C3N4/Bi2WO6 organic–inorganic hybrid photocatalyst with a high visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. J. Mater. Res. 31, 713 (2016).
J.Q. Wen, J. Xie, X.B. Chen, and X. Li: A review on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. Appl. Surf. Sci. 391, 72 (2017).
T.T. Yu, L.F. Liu, and F.L. Yang: Heterojunction between anodic TiO2/g-C3N4 and cathodic WO3/W nano-catalysts for coupled pollutant removal in a self-biased system. Chin. J. Catal. 38, 270 (2017).
X. Wang, K. Maeda, A. Thomas, K. Takanabe, G. Xin, J.M. Carlsson, K. Domen, and M. Antonietti: A metal-free polymeric photocatalyst for hydrogen production from water under visible light. Nat. Mater. 8, 76 (2009).
S.P. Wang, C. Li, T. Wang, P. Zhang, A. Li, and J. Gong: Controllable synthesis of nanotube-type graphitic C3N4 and their visible-light photocatalytic and fluorescent properties. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 2885 (2014).
C.C. Han, L. Ge, C.F. Chen, Y.J. Li, X.L. Xiao, Y.N. Zhang, and L.L. Guo: Novel visible light induced Co3O4-g-C3N4 heterojunction photocatalysts for efficient degradation of methyl orange. Appl. Catal., B 147, 546 (2014).
S.M. Yin, J.Y. Han, T.H. Zhou, and R. Xu: Recent progress in g-C3N4 based low cost photocatalytic system: Activity enhancement and emerging applications. Catal. Sci. Technol. 15, 5048 (2015).
M.S. Akple, J.X. Low, S. Wageh, and J.G. Yu: Enhanced visible light photocatalytic H2-production of g-C3N4/WS2 composite heterostructures. Appl. Surf. Sci. 358, 196 (2015).
S.L. Liu and J.L. Chen: Enhanced photocatalytic activity of direct Z-scheme Bi2O3/g-C3N4 composites via facile one-step fabrication. J. Mater. Res. 10, 1391 (2018).
A. Naseri, M. Samadi, A. Pourjavadi, A.Z. Moshfegh, and S. Ramakrishna: Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based photocatalysts for solar hydrogen generation: Recent advances and future development directions. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 23406 (2017).
Z.M. Cui, H. Yang, and X.X. Zhao: Enhanced photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4/Bi4Ti3O12 heterojunction nanocomposites. Mater. Sci. Eng., B 229, 160 (2018).
Y.C. Ye, H. Yang, X.X. Wang, and W.J. Feng: Photocatalytic, fenton and photo-fenton degradation of RhB over Z-scheme g-C3N4/LaFeO3 heterojunction photocatalysts. Mater. Sci. Semicond. Process. 82, 14 (2018).
L.G. Kong, Y.M. Dong, P.P. Jiang, G.L. Wang, H.Z. Zhang, and N. Zhao: Light-assisted rapid preparation of Ni/g-C3N4 magnetic composite for robust photocatalytic H2 evolution from water. J. Mater. Chem. A 4, 9998 (2016).
X.X. Wang, S.S. Wang, W.D. Hu, J. Cai, L.H. Zhang, L.H. Dong, L.H. Zhao, and Y.M. He: Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of SiO2/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst. Mater. Lett. 115, 53 (2014).
Y. Shiraishi, S. Kanazawa, and Y. Sugano: Highly selective production of hydrogen peroxide on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) photocatalyst activated by visible light. ACS Catal. 4, 774 (2014).
Y. Li, H. Zhang, and P. Liu: Cross-Linked g-C3N4/rGo nanocomposites with tunable band structure and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity. Small 9, 3336 (2013).
F.L. Wang, Y.P. Feng, P. Chen, Y.F. Wang, Y.H. Su, Q.X. Zhang, Y.Q. Zeng, Z.J. Xie, H.J. Liu, Y. Liu, W.Y. Lv, and G.G. Liu: Photocatalytic degradation of fluroquinolone antibiotics using ordered mesoporous g-C3N4 under simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics, mechanism, and antibacterial activity elimination. Appl. Catal., B 227, 114 (2018).
L.M. Sun, Y. Qi, C.J. Jia, Z. Jin, and W.L. Fan: Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/Zn2GeO4 heterojunctions with effective interfaces based on band match. Nanoscale 6, 2649 (2014).
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the support of the work by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51572034).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Peng, L., Li, Zw., Zheng, Rr. et al. Preparation and characterization of mesoporous g-C3N4/SiO2 material with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Journal of Materials Research 34, 1785–1794 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.113
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2019.113