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Experimental analysis and thermodynamic calculations of an additively manufactured functionally graded material of V to Invar 36

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Abstract

Functionally graded materials (FGMs) in which the elemental composition intentionally varies with position can be fabricated using directed energy deposition additive manufacturing (AM). This work examines an FGM that is linearly graded from V to Invar 36 (64 wt% Fe, 36 wt% Ni). This FGM cracked during fabrication, indicating the formation of detrimental phases. The microstructure, composition, phases, and microhardness of the gradient zone were analyzed experimentally. The phase composition as a function of chemistry was predicted through thermodynamic calculations. It was determined that a significant amount of the intermetallic σ-FeV phase formed within the gradient zone. When the σ phase constituted the majority phase, catastrophic cracking occurred. The approach presented illustrates the suitability of using equilibrium thermodynamic calculations for the prediction of phase formation in FGMs made by AM despite the nonequilibrium conditions in AM, providing a route for the computationally informed design of FGMs.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LDB was supported by an NDSEG Fellowship. BB was supported by an NSF National Research Trainee Fellowship under grant DGE-1449785. Part of the research described in this paper was carried out at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under a contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA

    Lourdes D. Bobbio, Brandon Bocklund, Zi-Kui Liu & Allison M. Beese

  2. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91109, USA

    Richard Otis, John Paul Borgonia, Robert Peter Dillon, Andrew A. Shapiro & Bryan McEnerney

Authors
  1. Lourdes D. Bobbio
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  2. Brandon Bocklund
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  3. Richard Otis
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  4. John Paul Borgonia
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  5. Robert Peter Dillon
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  6. Andrew A. Shapiro
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  7. Bryan McEnerney
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  8. Zi-Kui Liu
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  9. Allison M. Beese
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Correspondence to Allison M. Beese.

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Bobbio, L.D., Bocklund, B., Otis, R. et al. Experimental analysis and thermodynamic calculations of an additively manufactured functionally graded material of V to Invar 36. Journal of Materials Research 33, 1642–1649 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.92

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2018.92

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