Abstract
X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscopy, and thermodynamic calculation were used to investigate the effect of microstructural condition of austenite on the microstructural characteristics of the nanoscale bainite ferrite in a high carbon steel. As austenization temperature increases to 950 °C, there are a higher vacancy concentration and homogenized distribution level of the interstitial carbon atom in the austenite grains. The movement of more di-vacancies combination could encourage the generation of the γ → α embryo nucleus. The interstitial carbon atoms have a stronger inhibitory effect on the formation of the γ → α embryo nucleus and homogenized distribution of the interstitial carbon atoms are able to make the inhibitory effect exist everywhere in the austenite grains. In consequence, the bainite ferrite could only nucleate in a smaller area (several nanometers), and grow into slender laths in a smaller width and a larger length.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
C. Garcia-Mateo, F.G. Caballero, and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Low temperature bainite. J. Phys. IV 112, 285–288 (2003).
F.G. Caballero and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Very strong bainite. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 8, 251–257 (2004).
C. Garcia-Mateo and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Nucleation theory for high-carbon bainite. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 378, 289–292 (2004).
H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: The nature, mechanism and properties of strong bainite. In Proceedings of the 1st international symposium on steel science (IS3-2007) (The Iron and Steel Institute of Japan, Japan, 2007).
F.G. Caballelo, M.K. Miller, S.S. Bahu, and C. Garcia-Mateo: Atomic scale observations of bainite transformation in a high carbon high silicon steel. Acta Mater. 55, 381–390 (2007).
C.N. Hulme-Smith, I. Lonardelli, A.C. Dippelc, and H.K.D.H. Bhadeshia: Experimental evidence for non-cubic bainite ferrite. Scr. Mater. 69, 409–412 (2013).
F.G. Caballero, M. Miller, C. Garcia-Mateo, and J. Cornide: New experimental evidence of the diffusionless transformation nature of bainite. J. Alloys Compd. 577, S626–S630 (2013).
F.G. Caballero, H.-W. Yen, M.K. Miller, H.-T. Chang, C. Garcia-Mateo, and J.-R. Yang: Three phase crystallography and solute distribution analysis during residual austenite decomposition in tempered nanocrystalline bainite steels. Mater. Charact. 88, 15–20 (2014).
K. Rakha, H. Beladi, I. Timokhina, X.Y. Xiong, S. Kabra, K.D. Liss, and P. Hodgson: On low temperature bainite transformation characteristics using in-situ neutron diffraction and atom probe tomography. Mater. Sci. Eng., A 589, 303–309 (2014).
S.S. Babu, S. Vogel, C. Garcia-Mateo, B. Clausen, L. Morales-Rivase, and F.G. Caballero: Microstructure evolution during tensile deformation of a nanoscale bainite steel. Scr. Mater. 69, 777–780 (2013).
W. Gong, Y. Tomota, S. Harjo, Y.H. Sua, and K. Aizawa: Effect of prior martensite on bainite transformation in nanobainite steel. Acta Mater. 85, 243–249 (2015).
D.Q. Kong, Q.S. Liu, and L.J. Yuan: Effect of austenitizing temperature on formation of hard bainite. Met. Sci. Heat Treat. 56, 444–448 (2014).
G. Leibfried and N. Breuer: Point defects in metal, Vol. 1, 2 (Springer, Berlin, 1978).
Y.C. Wang: The formation energy of vacancy of metal. Acta Phys. Sin. 15, 469–474 (1995).
E. Kuramoto, K. Ohsawa, and T. Tsutsumi: Computer simulation of defects interacting with a dislocation in Fe and Ni. J. Nucl. Mater. 283–287, 778–783 (2000).
D. Kulikov and M. Hou: A model study of displacement cascades distributions in zirconium. J. Nucl. Mater. 342, 125–134 (2005).
A.G. Croeker, M. Doneghan, and K.W. Ingle: The structure of small vacancy clusters in face-centred-cubic metals. Philos. Mag. A 41, 21 (1980).
R.A. Johnson: Analytic nearest-neighbor model for fcc metals. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 37, 3924–3931 (1988).
R.A. Johnson: Phase stability of fcc alloys with the embedded-atom method. Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys. 41, 9717–9720 (1999).
F.G. Caballero, M.K. Miller, S.S. Bahu, and C. Garcia-Mateo: Atomic scale observations of bainite transformation in a high carbon high silicon steel. Acta Mater. 55, 381–390 (2007).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The study was supported by Tianjin Momentous Technology Supporting Program Foundation of China (No. 11ZCKFGX20500).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Q., Shen, Y., Wu, Q. et al. Research on nucleation mechanism of the nanoscale bainite ferrite in a high carbon steel Fe–0.88C–1.35Si–1.03Cr–0.43Mn. Journal of Materials Research 31, 1510–1517 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.160
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2016.160