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Advanced anode materials for sodium ion batteries: carbodiimides

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Abstract

TMNCN (where TM = Mn2+, Fe2+, Co2+ or Ni2+) have been recently proposed as electrochemically active materials for Na-ion insertion that operate via conversion reaction. Their electrochemical performance for Na-ion batteries is presented here with an emphasis on long-term cycling. With a very low voltage for Na insertion of ∼0.1V vs Na+/Na for MnNCN, the overpotential observed in batteries of MnNCN plays a very important role in their performance, evidencing big differences in the electrochemical performance between materials produced with different nano- and micrometer particle sizes evidenced by SEM images. A more suitable voltage for the conversion reaction accompanied by less overpotential is shown by FeNCN, CoNCN and NiNCN. Despite the lower reversible capacity achieved by FeNCN (450 mAh/g) in comparison with CoNCN and NiNCN in the first cycle; the smallest first-cycle irreversible capacity (220 mAh/g) and the lower voltage plateau (0.3 V vs Na+/Na) make FeNCN a good candidate as an anode material for sodium ion batteries. The voltages of conversion reaction are correlated with the calculated enthalpies of formation suggesting that thermodynamics dominates the observed electrochemical conversion reaction.

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Author notes

  1. Elizabeth Castillo-Martinez

    Present address: Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW, Cambridge, UK

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dpto. de Química Inorgánica, Universidad del País Vasco UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain

    Aitor Eguia-Barrio, Luis Lezama & Teofilo Rojo

  2. CIC Energigune, Parque Tecnológico de Alava, C/Albert Einstein 48, 01510, Miñano, Spain

    Elizabeth Castillo-Martinez, Michel Armand & Teofilo Rojo

  3. Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52056, Aachen, Germany

    Xiaohui Liu & Richard Dronskowski

Authors
  1. Aitor Eguia-Barrio
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  2. Elizabeth Castillo-Martinez
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  3. Xiaohui Liu
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  4. Richard Dronskowski
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  5. Luis Lezama
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  6. Michel Armand
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  7. Teofilo Rojo
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Elizabeth Castillo-Martinez or Teofilo Rojo.

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Eguia-Barrio, A., Castillo-Martinez, E., Liu, X. et al. Advanced anode materials for sodium ion batteries: carbodiimides. MRS Advances 2, 1165–1176 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.267

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.267

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