Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Magnetization, micro-x-ray fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy studies of low concentrations of nanoscale Fe3O4 particles in epoxy resin

  • Articles
  • Published:
Journal of Materials Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Magnetization measurements, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution micro-x-ray fluorescence (μ-XRF) using a synchrotron radiation source (Advanced Photon Source) were used to examine Fe3O4 particle agglomerates of nominally 10-nm particles at low concentrations (down to 0.03%) in thick epoxy resin samples. The magnetization measurements showed that at low concentrations (<0.5%) the magnetite particles, although closely packed in the agglomerates, did not interact magnetically. Predicated on a 2-μm sample step scan, the μ-XRF results were compatible with the presence of spherical agglomerates due to magnetostatic attraction, and these ranged in size from 100 to several thousand nanometers, as observed in TEM measurements. At smaller step scans the resolution could be significantly improved. Thus, the synchroton μ-XRF method was very useful in detecting very small concentrations of particles in thick samples and could probably be used to detect particles in amounts as low as 10−16 g.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nanophase Materials, edited by G.C. Hadjipanayis and R.W. Siegel, (Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1994), p. 808.

  2. E.T. Yu and S.J. Pennycock, MRS Bull. 22, (1997), p. 17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. D.A. Krueger, IEEE Trans. Mag. MAG-16, 251 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. S. Chikazumi, S. Taketomi, M. Ukita, M. Mizukami, H. Miyajima, M. Setogawa, and Y. Kurikara, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 65, 245 (1987).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. R. Chantrell, A. Bradbury, J. Popplewell, and S. Charles, J. Appl. Phys. 53, 2742 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. E. Peterson and D.J. Krueger, Colloid Interface Sci. 62, 24 (1977).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. E.B. Sandell, Colorimetric Determination of Traces of Metals, 3rd ed. (Interscience, New York, NY, 1959).

    Google Scholar 

  8. R. Rosman, J. Janssen, and M. Rekveldt, J. Appl. Phys. 67, 3072 (1990).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. P.C. Kuo and C.Y. Chang, J. Appl. Phys. 57, 4678 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Y. Ebisawa, Y. Sugermoto, T. Hayashi, T. Kohulo, K. Okwa, and Y. Yamamuro, J. Ceram. Soc. 99, 7 (1991).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. K. Tanaka, Y. Nakahava, K. Hirao, and N. Soga, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 168, 20 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. C. Bean and J. Livingston, J. Appl. Phys. Suppl. 30, 1205 (1959).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. G. Candela and R. Haines, J. Appl. Phys. 34, 868 (1979).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. R.E. Rosensweig, Ferrohydrodynamics (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1985).

    Google Scholar 

  15. F. Lechtenberg, S. Garbe, J. Bauch, D.B. Dingwell, J. Freitag, M. Haller, T.H. Hansteen, P. Ippach, A. Knöckel, M. Radtke, C. Romano, P.M. Sachs, H. Schminche, and H. Ullrich, J. Trace and Microprobe Tech. 14, 561 (1996).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. G.E. Ice, B. Riemer, and A. Khounsary, in High-Brightness Synchrotron Radiation Beamlines II, Proc. SPIE 2856, 226 (1996).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. A. Rindby, P. Engström, K. Janssens, and J. Osan, Nuc. Instr. Methods 124B, 591 (1997).

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. H. Anderson

    Present address: Rutgers University at Newark, Newark, New Jersey, 07102, USA

  2. E. Williams

    Present address: MHATT-CAT APS, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, 60439, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Physics Department, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20059, USA

    A. N. Thorpe, F. E. Senftle, M. Holt & J. Grant

  2. MHATT-CAT, Howard University, Washington, District of Columbia, 20059, USA

    W. Lowe, H. Anderson & E. Williams

  3. Department of Chemistry, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, 20064, USA

    C. Monkres & A. Barkatt

Authors
  1. A. N. Thorpe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F. E. Senftle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. M. Holt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. J. Grant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. W. Lowe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. H. Anderson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. E. Williams
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. C. Monkres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. A. Barkatt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Thorpe, A.N., Senftle, F.E., Holt, M. et al. Magnetization, micro-x-ray fluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy studies of low concentrations of nanoscale Fe3O4 particles in epoxy resin. Journal of Materials Research 15, 2488–2493 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2000.0357

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.2000.0357

Search

Navigation