Abstract
A detailed study of the second-order Raman spectrum of the polymer polyparaphenylene (PPP) prepared according to the Kovacic method and heat treated at temperatures THT between 650 and 750 °C is presented. The Raman experiments have been performed with five different laser excitation energies in the visible range between 1.92 and 3.05 eV. Several Raman bands in the region between 2400 and 3400 cm−1 have been detected and assigned to the overtones and combination bands of the two conformations of the PPP polymer (benzenoid and quinoid) that co-exist in our samples. Due to the carbonization process, these bands broaden and decrease in intensity with increasing heat treatment temperature, as is also observed for the corresponding first-order Raman features. The complete absence of these high-frequency Raman bands for PPP with heat treatment temperatures in excess of 750 °C indicates complete transformation of the polymer into a disordered carbon material.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
F. Maurice, G. Froyer, M. Minier, and M. Gauneau, J. Phys. (Paris) Lett. 42, 425 (1981).
D.M. Ivory, G.G. Miller, J.M. Sowa, L.W. Shacklette, R.R. Chance, and R.H. Baughman, J. Chem. Phys. 71, 1506 (1979).
M. Endo, Y. Nishimura, T. Takahashi, K. Takeuchi, and M.S. Dresselhaus, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 57, 725 (1996).
S. Megahed and B. Scrosati, J. Power Sources 51, 79 (1994).
J.R. Dahn, A.K. Sleigh, H. Shi, B.M. Way, W.J. Weydanz, J.N. Reimers, Q. Zhong, and U. von Sacken, in Lithium Batteries. New Materials, Developments and Perspectives, edited by G. Pistoia (Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam, 1994), pp. 1–49.
M.J. Matthews, Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1998).
J.R. Dahn, T. Zheng, Y. Liu, and J.S. Xue, Science 270, 590 (1995).
P. Kovacic and A. Kyriakis, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85, 454 (1963).
K. Sato, M. Noguchi, A. Demachi, N. Oki, and M. Endo, Science 264, 556 (1994).
A. Marucci, S.D.M. Brown, M.A. Pimenta, M.J. Matthews, M.S. Dresselhaus, K. Nishimura, and M. Endo, J. Mater. Res. 14, 1124 (1999).
G. Froyer, F. Maurice, P. Bernier, and P. McAndrew, Polymer 23, 1103 (1982).
G. Froyer, J.Y. Goblot, J.L. Guilbert, F. Maurice, and Y. Pelous, J. Phys. (Paris) Colloq. 44, C3–745 (1983).
L.W. Shacklette, H. Eckhardt, R.R. Chance, G.G. Miller, D.M. Ivory, and R.H. Baughman, J. Chem. Phys. 73, 353 (1980).
J.L. Bredas, B. Themans, J.G. Fripiat, J.M. Andre, and R.R. Chance, Phys. Rev. B 29, 6761 (1984).
G. Zannoni and G. Zerbi, J. Chem. Phys. 82, 31 (1985).
S. Krichene, J.P. Buisson, and S. Lefrant, Synth. Met. 17, 589 (1987).
D.S. Knight and W.B. White, J. Mater. Res. 4, 385 (1989).
Y. Kawashima and G. Katagiri, Phys. Rev. B 52, 10053 (1995).
R.P. Vidano, D.B. Fischbach, L.J. Willis, and T.M. Loehr, Solid State Comm. 39, 341 (1981).
M.A. Pimenta et al. (1999, unpublished).
M.S. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, M.A. Pimenta, and P.C. Eklund, in Analytical Applications of Raman Spectroscopy (Blackwell Science, Oxford, UK, 1999), pp. 367–434.
M.J. Matthews, M.A. Pimenta, G. Dresselhaus, M.S. Dresselhaus, and M. Endo, Phys. Rev. B 59, R6585 (1999).
I. Bozovic and D. Rakovic, Phys. Rev. B 32, 4235 (1985).
J. Soto, V. Hernandez, and J. T. Lopez Navarrete, Synth. Met. 51, 229 (1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marucci, A., Pimenta, M.A., Brown, S.D.M. et al. Study of the overtones and combination bands in the Raman spectra of polyparaphenylene-based carbons. Journal of Materials Research 14, 3447–3454 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1999.0466
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1999.0466