Abstract
Post formed, silica submicrospheres synthesized by Stober’s method have been subjected to a high intensity ultrasound radiation (20 kHz, 100 W/cm2) and their size, morphology, and surface silanol structure modified in situ. The processed silica powders have been characterized by a variety of techniques, such as powder x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), BET nitrogen adsorption, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The silica microspheres formed through an irreversible sol-gel transition have been shown to aggregate by the condensation of interparticle silanols to larger particles under the influence of the shock waves emanating from an imploding cavity. The particle size as a function of sonication time passes through a maximum, suggesting the disintegration of the aggregates on longer exposure to ultrasound radiation. The sonication of dried silica microspheres in an inert dispersant decalin also led to the aggregation of microspheres to a lesser degree, suggesting the deactivation of surface silanols. Infrared spectroscopic investigations suggest a disruption of the hydrogen bonded network of surface silanols. The observed morphological changes have been discussed in terms of direct effect of cavitation on well-formed spheres rather than changes in growth mechanism and capture of primary particles.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ultrasound: Its Chemical, Physical and Biological Effects, edited by K. S. Suslick (VCH Publishers, New York, Weinheim, 1988).
S. V. Lye and C. M. R. Low, Ultrasound in Synthesis (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1989).
Current Trends in Sonochemistry, edited by C. J. Price (Royal Society of Chemistry, 1992).
A. E. Greene, J.P. Lannsard, J.L. Luche, and C. J. Petrier, J. Org. Chem. 49, 931 (1984).
J. Lindley, T. J. Mason, and J. P. Lorimer, Ultrasonics 25, 45 (1987).
P. Boudjouk, in High Energy Processes in Organometallic Chemistry, edited by K. S. Suslick, ACS Symposium Series 333, American Chemical Society, Washington, DC (1987).
G. J. Price, Adv. Sonochemistry 1, 231 (1990).
K. S. Suslick, S. B. Choe, A. A. Cichowlas, and M. W. Grinstaff, Nature 353, 414 (1991).
R. Bellisent, G. Galli, T. Hyeon, S. Magazu, D. Majolino, P. Miggliardo, and K. S. Suslick, Physica Scripta T57, 79 (1995).
S. J. Doktycyz and K. S. Suslick, Science 247, 1067 (1990).
X. Cao, Yu. Koltypin, G. Kataby, R. Prozorov, and A. Gedanken, J. Mater. Res. 10, 2952 (1995).
Yu. Koltypin, G. Katabi, X. Cao, R. Prozorov, and A. Gedanken, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 201, 159 (1996).
W. Stober, A. Fink, and E. Bohn, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 26, 62 (1968).
R. K. Iler, The Chemistry of Silica (Wiley, New York, 1955).
I. Tsuchiya, J. Phys. Chem. 86, 4107 (1982).
L. C. Klein, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 15, 227 (1985).
G. H. Bogush, M. A. Tracy, and C. F. Zukoskiiv, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 104, 95 (1988).
A. P. Philips, M. P. B. van Bruggen, and C. Pathmamanoharan, Langmuir 10, 92 (1994).
N. Enomoto, Shingo Maruyama, and Z. Nakagawa, J. Mater. Res. 12, 1410 (1997).
W. Lauterborn and A. Vogel, Ann. Rev. Fluid Mech. 16, 223 (1984).
L. L. Hench and J.K. West, Chem. Rev. 90, 33 (1990).
G. J. Price, D. J. Norris, and P. J. West, Macromolecules 25, 6447 (1992).
A. Burneau, A. Barres, J. P. Gallas, and J. C. Lavalley, Langmuir 6, 1364 (1990).
J. Phalippou, T. Woignier, and J. Zarcycki, in Ultrastructure Processing of Ceramics, Glasses and Composites, edited by L. L. Hench and D.R. Ulrich (Wiley, New York, 1984).
P. Hoffman and E. Knozinger, Surf. Sci. 188, 181 (1987).
B. A. Morrow and A. J. McFarlan, Langmuir 7, 1695 (1991).
S. Kondo, M. Muroya, and K. Fujii, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 47, 553 (1974).
I. S. Chuang and G. E. Maciel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 118, 401 (1996).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ramesh, S., Koltypin, Y. & Gedanken, A. Ultrasound driven aggregation and surface silanol modification in amorphous silica microspheres. Journal of Materials Research 12, 3271–3277 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1997.0430
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1997.0430