Abstract
Novel (Ba,Bi,Nb)-added TiO2 ceramic was previously proved to be potentially useful as a varistor material, and by varying atmosphere compensation the roles of barium and bismuth have been explored. The present work attempted to investigate how the third additive, niobium, operates on varistor characteristics. The content of added niobium is in the range from 0.125 to 1.0 cat. %, while that of the other additives is always maintained at a constant value. The results show that an adequate addition of niobium, 0.25 cat. % Nb, is beneficial to the improvement of varistor characteristics. The variations of varistor behavior are discussed in terms of a point defect model. Two kinds of charge compensation, for the substitutional incorporation of niobium into the titanium rutile lattice, are also used to illustrate the variation. The detailed results and discussions are shown in this paper.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R. W. Powers and S. P. Mitoff, J. Electrochem. Soc. 122 (2), 226–231 (1975).
T. K. Gupta, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 73 (7), 1817–1840 (1990).
N. Yamaoka, M. Masuyama, and M. Fukui, Am. Ceram. Soc. Bull. 62 (6), 698–700, 702 (1983).
M. F. Yan and W. W. Rhodes, Appl. Phys. Lett. 40 (6), 536–537 (1982).
W. D. Kingery, in Grain Boundary Phenomena in Electronic Ceramics, edited by L. M. Levinson (American Ceramic Society, Inc., Westerville, OH, 1981), p. 1.
H. J. Leamy, G. E. Pike, and C. H. Seager, Grain Boundaries in Semiconductors (Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc., New York, 1982).
M. F. Yan and W. W. Rhodes, in Grain Boundaries in Semiconductors, edited by H. J. Leamy, G. E. Pike, and C. H. Seager (Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1982), pp. 357–362.
M. F. Yan and W. W. Rhodes, in Additives and Interfaces in Electronic Ceramics, edited by M. F. Yan and A. H. Heuer (American Ceramic Society, Inc., Westerville, OH, 1983), p. 226.
J. Pennewiss and B. Hoffmann, Mater. Lett. 9 (5–6), 219–226 (1990).
J. M. Wu and C. H. Lai, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 74 (12), 3112–3117 (1991).
J. M. Wu and C. H. Lai, Mater. Lett. 15, 35–38 (1992).
S. L. Yang and J. M. Wu, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 76 (1), 145–152 (1993).
S. L. Yang and J. M. Wu, unpublished.
W. D. Kingery, H. K. Bowen, and D. R. Uhlmann, Introduction to Ceramics (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1976), pp. 931–945.
C. G. Koops, Phys. Rev. 83, 121 (1951).
P. R. Emtage, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 4372–4384 (1977).
J. F. Baumard and E. Tani, J. Chem. Phys. 67 (3), 857–860 (1977).
P. M. Zimmermann, Phys. Rev. B 8, 3917–3927 (1973).
K. S. Forland, Acta Chem. Scand. 18, 1267–1275 (1964).
J. B. Moser, R. N. Blumenthal, and D. H. Whitmore, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 48, 384 (1965).
P. Kofstad, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 23, 1579 (1962).
F. A. Kröger, in The Chemistry of Imperfect Crystals (North-Holland Co., Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1974).
E. A. Barringer and H. K. Bowen, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 65, C199–C201 (1982).
H. U. Anderson, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 50 (5), 235–238 (1967).
J. M. Wu and C. J. Chen, J. Mater. Sci. 23, 4157–4164 (1988).
W. Heywang, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 47, 484 (1964).
M. F. Yan, R. M. Cannon, and H. K. Bowen, J. Appl. Phys. 54, 764 (1983).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, SL., Wu, JM. Effects of Nb2O5 in (Ba,Bi,Nb)-added TiO2 ceramic varistors. Journal of Materials Research 10, 345–352 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1995.0345
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1995.0345