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Graph theoretical design of biomimetic aramid nanofiber composites as insulation coatings for implantable bioelectronics

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Abstract

Creating an insulation material combining crack and delamination resistance, mechanical flexibility, strong adhesion, and biocompatibility is vital for implantable bioelectronic devices of all types. Here, we describe a nanocomposite material addressing these technological challenges that have been designed using blueprints from biomaterials that combine a similar set of properties. These composites are based on aramid nanofibers (ANFs), whose mechanical properties are complemented by the epoxy resins with strong adhesion to various surfaces. The nanoscale structure of the ANF/epoxy nanocomposite coating replicates the nanofibrous organization of human cartilage, which is known for its exceptional toughness and delamination resistance. The structural analogy between percolating networks of cartilage and ANF was demonstrated numerically using graph theory (GT) analysis. The match of multiple GT indexes indicated the near-identical organization pattern of cartilage and ANF/epoxy nanocomposite. When compared with the standard insulating material for bioelectronics, Parylene C, the ANF/epoxy nanocomposite exceeds its performance characteristics in respect to delamination resistance, interfacial adhesion, tissue biocompatibility, electrode cross-talk and inflammatory response. This study opens the possibility of GT-informed design of high-performance insulation materials suitable for different types of electronics for neural engineering and other biomedical applications. GT analysis also makes possible structural characterization of complex biological and biomimetic materials. While the design of the electronics for implantable devices has substantially advanced, the materials for their long-term insulation have not. Delamination of insulation materials constantly results in device failure. The essential problem of this field is finding a material that affords the combination of multiple contrarian properties that need to be resolved to afford future advances in this area. Here, we report a new nanocomposite material that combines durability, toughness, and flexibility, as well as excellent adhesion, biocompatibility, and low inflammatory response. This study opens the road for a large family of materials suitable for different types of implantable electronics for neural engineering and other biomedical applications.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical Engineering and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Huanan Zhang & Drew Vecchio

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA

    Huanan Zhang

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Ahmet Emre

  4. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Samantha Rahmani, Chong Cheng & Jian Zhu

  5. State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

    Chong Cheng

  6. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China

    Jian Zhu

  7. Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Asish C. Misra

  8. Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, USA

    Asish C. Misra

  9. Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Materials Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Joerg Lahann

  10. Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science, and the Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA

    Nicholas A. Kotov

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  1. Huanan Zhang
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Contributions

H.Z. prepared ANF composites, performed characterization, and co-wrote the paper; A.M. and J.L. performed deposition of ParyleneC films and performed their characterization; A.E. prepared ANF composites for GT analysis; S.R., C.C., and J.Z assisted H.Z. in preparation and analyzed the performance of insulators; D.V. wrote the Python script for StructuralGT and carried out GT calculations of indexes; N.A.K developed GT description of biomimetic materials, analyzed the data on their structural description and functional performance, and co-wrote the paper.

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Correspondence to Huanan Zhang or Nicholas A. Kotov.

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Zhang, H., Vecchio, D., Emre, A. et al. Graph theoretical design of biomimetic aramid nanofiber composites as insulation coatings for implantable bioelectronics. MRS Bulletin 46, 576–587 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1557/s43577-021-00071-x

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