Abstract
To examine the seedling characteristics of nine different bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties, several variables regarding seedling size and germination characteristics were analyzed using canonical correlation analysis. Significantly correlated first canonical variate pairs indicated that the variables within each set such as coleoptile length, shoot length and fresh weight within the size set, and emergence rate index and germination percentage can be regarded as main factors for vigorous wheat seedlings. The variables such as root number, root weight and dry weight did not seem to have predictive power on seedling size measurements of wheat. Both emergence rate index and somewhat germination percentage within the first canonical variate of germination set appeared to be the correct factors for vigorous germination of wheat seed. Our analysis revealed that compared to other variables, coleoptile length and emergence rate index are powerful determinants of reliable germination, and in turn for better wheat stand establishment. Selecting for these traits in early generation is expected to increase the seedling vigor of wheat. Canonical correlation analysis was shown to be suitably sensitive to detect relationships between seedling variables in bread wheat.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Allan, R.E., Vogel, O.A., Burleigh, J.R., 1962. Length and estimated number of coleoptile parenchyma cells of six wheat selections grown at two temperatures. Crop Sci. 2:522–524.
Aparicio, N., Villegas, D., Araus, J. L., Blanco, R., Royo, C. 2002. Seedling development and biomass as affected by seed size and morphology in durum wheat. J. Agric. Sci. 139: 143–150.
Boyd, W. J. R., Gordon, A. G., Lacroix, L.J. 1971. Seed size, germination resistance and seedling vigor in barley. Can J Plant Sci. 51: 93–99.
Burleigh, J.R., Allan, R.E., Vogel, O.A. 1965. Varietal differences in seedling emergence of winter wheat as influenced by temperature and depth of plants. Agron. J. 57: 195–198.
Butt M.S., Anjum, F.M., van Zuilichem, D.J., Shaheen M. 2001. Development of predictive models for enduse quality of spring wheats through canonical Analysis. International J. Food Sci. Tech. 36: 433–440.
Chowdhry, A.R., Allan, R.E. 1963. Inheritance of coleoptile length and seedling height and their relation to plant height of four winter wheat crosses. Crop Sci. 3:53–58.
Cisse, N., Ejeta, G. 2003. Genetic variation and relationships among seedling vigor traits in sorghum. Crop Sci. 43:824–828.
Comstock, R.E., Moll, R.H. 1963. Genotype-Environment interactions. In: W.D. Hanson and H.E. Robinson (Eds.) Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding. NAS-NCR Publ. 982. Washington D.C. 164–196 pp.
Ellis, M. H., Rebetzke, G.J., Azanza, F., Richards, R. A., Spielmeyer, W. 2005. Molecular mapping of gibberellin-responsive dwarfing genes in bread wheat. Theor. Appl. Genet. 111: 423–430.
Fehr, W.R. 1987. Principles of Cultivar Development. Vol. 1. Theory and Technique. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.
Frane, J. 1977. Canonical correlation analysis. P. 685–696. In W.J. Dixon and M.B. Brown, (eds.) BMDP Biomedical Computer Programs, P-Series, Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley. 880pp.
Hakizimana, F., Haley, S.D., Turnipseed, E.B. 2000. Repeatability and genotype x environment interaction of coleoptile length measurements in winter wheat. Crop Sci. 40:1233–1237.
Hampton, J.G. 1981. The extent and significance of seed size variation in New Zealand wheats (Triticum aestivum L.). N.Z.L. Exp. Agric., 9: 179–184.
Hotelling, H. 1936. Relations between two sets of variates. Biometrika 28:321–377.
ICARDA. 1987. Cereal improvement program annual report. Aleppo, Syria.
Kalakanavar, R.M., Shashidhara, S.D., Kulkarni, G.N. 1989. Effect of grading on quality of wheat seeds. Seed Res., 17(2): 182–185.
Khan, M.Q., Anwar, S., Khan, M.I. 2002. Genetic Variability for Seedling Traits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Moisture Stress Conditions. Asian. J. Plant. Sci. 1: 588–590.
Paulsen, G.M. 1987. Wheat stand establishment. In: Heyne E.G., ed. Wheat and wheat improvement, 2nd ed. Madison, WI: ASA, CSSA, and SSSA, 384–389 Agron. Monogr. 13.
Rebetzke, G.J., Richards R.A. 1999. Genetic improvement of early vigor in wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 50:291–301.
Rebetzke, G.J., Appels, R., Morrison, A.D., Richards, R.A., McDonald, G., Ellis, M.H., Spielmeye, W., Bonnett, D.G. 2001. Quantitative trait loci on chromosome 4B for coleoptile length and early vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Aust. J. Agric. Res. 52:1221–1234.
Regan, K.L., Siddique, K.H.M., Turner, N.C., Whan, B.R. 1992. Potential for increasing early vigor and total biomass in spring wheat. 2. Characteristics associated with early vigor. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 43:541–553.
Ries, S.K., Everson, E.H. 1973. Protein content and seed size relationships with seedling vigour of wheat cultivars. Agron. J., 65: 884–886.
Schillinger, W.F., Donaldson, E., Allan, R.E., Jones, S.S. 1998. Winter wheat seedling emergence from deep sowing depths. Agron. J. 90:582–586.
Shafto, M.G., Degani, A., Kirlik, A. 1997. Canonical Correlation Analysis of Data on Human-Automation Interaction. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting Proceedings. vol. 41: 62–67.
Singh, B.P. 1970. Influence of seed size on field germination and seedling growth and yield of dwarf wheat. Madras Agric. J., 57(8): 449–452.
Sunderman, D.W. 1964. Seedling emergence of winter wheats and its association with depth of sowing, coleoptile length under various conditions and plant height. Agron. J. 56: 23–25.
Vainionopaa, J., Kervinen, R., de Pardo, M., Laurila, E., Kari, M., Mustonen L., Ahvenainen, R. 2000. Exploration of storage and process tolerance of different potato cultivars using principal component and canonical correlation analyses. J. Food Eng. 44:47–61.
Warwick, P.V. 1975. Canonical correlation analysis: subprogram cancorr. P. 515–27. In N.H. Nie, C.H. Hull, J.G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner, and D. Bent, (eds.) Statistical Package for the Social sciences. McGraw-Hill Publ. Co., New York. 675 pp.
Whan, B.R. 1976. The emergence of semi-dwarf and standard wheats and its association with coleoptile length. Aust. J. Expt. Agric. 16:411–416.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Erayman, M., Abeyo, B.G., Baenziger, P.S. et al. Evaluation of seedling characteristics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) through canonical correlation analysis. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 34, 1231–1238 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.34.2006.4.263
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.34.2006.4.263