Abstract
This study was conducted to compare structural development and biochemical accumulation of waxy and non-waxy wheat (NW) caryopses. The caryopses’ microstructure of the waxy wheat (WW) and NW cultivars at different developmental stages were observed under light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscope. The results were as follows: Compared with NW,WWhad a shorter maturation duration, which was reflected in several following characteristics. Programmed cell death of the pericarp began earlier, and the chlorophyll-containing layer in the pericarp was smaller. Vacuoles in chalazal cells accumulated more tannins at different developmental stages. Starch granules and protein bodies in the endosperm showed a higher accumulation level in developing caryopses, and aleurone cells were larger in size with larger numbers of aleurone grains. An analysis of the element content indicated that the mineral elements Mg, P, K, and Ca exhibited a higher content, while the heavy elements Cr, Cd, and Pb exhibited a lower content in the aleurone layer.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- DAF:
-
days after fertilization
- EDS:
-
energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope
- NW:
-
non-waxy wheat
- FM:
-
fluorescence microscope
- LM:
-
light microscope
- SEM:
-
scanning electron microscope
- WW:
-
waxy wheat
References
Chaudhury, A.M., Craig, S., Dennis, E.S., Peacock, W.J. 1998. Ovule and embryo development, apomixis and fertilization. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 1:26–31.
Cochrane, M.P. 1983. Morphology of the crease region in relation to assimilate uptake and water loss during caryopsis development in barley and wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 10:473–491.
Hansen, L.E., Jackson, D.S., Wehling, R.L., Graybosch, R.A. 2010. Functionality of chemically modified wild-type, partial waxy and waxy starches from tetraploid wheats. J. Cereal Sci. 51:409–414.
Hoseney, R.C. 1986. Principles of Cereal Science and Technology, First ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists. St. Paul, MN, USA.
Jonnala, R.S., MacRitchie, F., Smail, V.W., Seabourn, B.W., Tilley, M., LaFiandra, D., Urbano, M. 2010. Protein and quality characterization of complete and partial near-isogenic lines of waxy wheat. Cereal Chem. 87:538–545.
Joyce, C., Deneau, A., Peterson, K., Ockenden, I., Raboy, V., Lott, J.N.A. 2005. The concentrations and distributions of phytic acid phosphorus and other mineral nutrients in wild-type and low phytic acid Js-12-LPA wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain parts. Can. J. Bot. 83:1599–1607.
Li, C.Y., Feng, C.N., Wang, Y.L., Zhang, R., Guo, W.S., Zhu, X.K., Peng, Y.X. 2007. Differences of mineral element compositions and their contents among different positions of wheat grains. Plant Physiol. Commun. 43:1077–1081.
Ma, H.B., Zhang, X., Wang, C.G., Gao, D.R., Zhang, B.Q., Lv, G.F., Wu, R.L., Cheng, X.M., Wang, X., Cheng, S.H., Bie, T.D. 2013. Effect of wx genes on amylose content, physicochemical properties of wheat starch, and the suitability of waxy genotype for producing Chinese crisp sticks. J. Cereal Sci. 58:140–147.
Müntz, K., Rudolph, A., Schlesier, G., Silhengst, P. 1978. The function of the pericarp in fruits of crop legumes. Die Kulturpflanz. 26:37–67.
Nakamura, T., Vrinten, P., Hayakawa, K., Ikeda, J. 1998. Characterization of a granule-bound starch synthase isoform found in the pericarp of wheat. Plant Physiol. 118:451–459.
Takata, K., Yanaka, M., Fujita, Y., Ishikawa, N. 2007. Evaluation of the grain and flour quality in near-isogenic wheat lines with waxy and double-null wx proteins. Breeding Sci. 57:79–83.
Wang, N., Fisher, B.D. 1994. The use of fluorescent tracers to characterize the post-phloem transport pathway in maternal tissues of developing wheat grains. Plant Physiol. 104:17–27.
Wang, Z., Gu, Y.J., Li, W.F., Chen, G., Shi, H.Y., Chen, X.H. 1998. Development of wheat endosperm and pathway of nutrient entering the endosperm. Acta Agron. Sin. 24:536–545.
Xiong, F., Yu, X.R., Zhou, L., Wang, F., Xiong, A.S. 2012. Structural and physiological characterization during wheat pericarp development. Plant Cell Rep. 32:1309–1320.
Xiong, F., Yu, X.R., Zhou, L., Wang, Z., Wang, F., Xiong, A.S. 2013. Structural development of aleurone and its function in common wheat. Mol. Biol. Rep. 40:6785–6792.
Yao, X.Q., Chu, J.Z., He, X.L., Si, C. 2014. Grain yield, starch, protein, and nutritional element concentrations of winter wheat exposed to enhanced UV-B during different growth stages. J. Cereal Sci. 60:31–36.
Yasui, T. 2006. Waxy and low-amylose mutants of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and their starch, flour and grain properties. JARQ-Jpn. Agr. Res. Q. 40:327–331.
Yasui, T., Ashida, K. 2011. Waxy endosperm accompanies increased fat and saccharide contents in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain. J. Cereal Sci. 53:104–111.
Yasui, T., Sasaki, T., Matsuki, J. 1999. Milling and flour pasting properties of waxy endosperm mutant lines of bread wheat. J. Sci. Food Agric. 79:687–692.
Yoo, S.H., Jane, J.L. 2002. Structural and physical characteristics of waxy and other wheat starches. Carbohydr. Polym. 49:297–305.
Zee, S-Y., O’Brien, T.P. 1970. Studies on the ontogeny of the pigment strand in the caryopsis of wheat. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 23:1153–1171.
Zhang, H.X., Zhang, W., Xu, C.Z., Zhou, X. 2013. Morphological features and physicochemical properties of waxy wheat starch. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 62:304–309.
Zhang, J., Du, K., Chen, G., Wang, Y.P., Sun, G.R., Zhou, W.D. 2010. Distribution of Pb in Different Parts of Wheat Grains and Its Relationship with Other eight Elements. Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE), 2010, 4th International Conference on. IEEE, Chengdu, China. pp. 1–4.
Zhao, H.Y., Guo, B.L., Wei, Y.M., Zhang, B. 2013. Multi-element composition of wheat grain and provenance soil and their potentialities as fingerprints of geographical origin. J. Cereal Sci. 57:391–397.
Zhou, Z.Q., Wang, L.K., Li, J.W., Song, X.F., Yang, C.N. 2009. Study on programmed cell death and dynamic changes of starch accumulation in pericarp cells of Triticum aestivum L. Protoplasma 236:49–58.
Zhu, L.J., Dogan, H., Gajula, H., Gu, M.H., Liu, Q.Q., Shi, Y.C. 2012. Study of kernel structure of high-amylose and wild-type rice by X-ray microtomography and SEM. J. Cereal Sci. 55:1–5.
Zhu, T., Jackson, D.S., Wehling, R.L., Geera, B. 2007. Comparison of amylose determination methods and the development of a dual wavelength iodine binding technique. Cereal Chem. 85:51–58.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by J. Johnson
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Yu, X.R., Zhou, L., Zhang, J. et al. Comparison of Structural Development and Biochemical Accumulation of Waxy and Non-waxy Wheat Caryopses. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 43, 307–317 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.2014.0038
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.2014.0038