Abstract
Triticale is a high yielding cereal grain which performs well as a dual-purpose crop (both mid-season biomass and end-season grain harvests), however, is usually inferior to wheat under the requirements of a high-value milling grain market. There is potential to increase the profitability of dual-purpose triticale by improving grain quality for food products. Currently the ash content of triticale grain is above acceptable limits and protein content is usually below the requirement for a milling market. This research compared the yield, test weight, ash and protein content of four winter triticale genotypes in replicated grain only and dual-purpose treatments over five year-site environments, based on a previously reported hypothesis that removal of triticale biomass reduces grain ash content.
Cutting had a highly variable influence on yield and protein content between genotypes. Ash content was either unaffected or increased by cutting, again depending on the genotype. Ash content was negatively correlated with both stage of plant development when cut (explaining 82% of the variation) and amount of dry matter removed (explaining 65% of the variation). The results suggest that ash content in dual-purpose triticale grain may be reduced by combining suitable cultivars with later cutting; however, this may also decrease the grain protein content. It is unlikely that grazing or cutting is a suitable strategy to reduce ash content in triticale to the level required by wheat milling markets.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC) 1996. Approved Methods of the AACC, 9th Ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA.
Boros, D. 2006. Triticale of high end-use quality enhances opportunities to increase its value in world cereals market. In: Botes, W.C., Boros, D., Darvey, N., Gustafson, J.P., Jessop, R., Marais, G.F., Oettler, G., Salmon, D. (eds), Proc. 6th Int. Triticale Symp., International Triticale Association, Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 118–124.
Cyran, M., Bona, L., Boros, D., Hajós, G. 2002. Dietary fiber composition, viscosity and protein content of winter and spring cereals. In: Arseniuk, E. (ed.), Proc. 5th Int. Triticale Symp., International Triticale Association, Radzikow, Poland, pp. 438–444.
Dann, P.R., Axelsen, A., Dear, B.S., Williams, E.R., Edwards, C.B.H. 1983. Herbage, grain and animal production from winter-grazed cereal crops. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture and Animal Husbandry 23:154–161.
Dennett, A.L., Trethowan, R.M., Roake, J.E. 2009. Bread making potential of selected Australian triticale varieties and elite breeding lines. In: Proc. 7th Int. Triticale Symp., International Triticale Association, Ciudad Obregon, Mexico.
Feil, B., Fossati, D. 1995. Mineral composition of triticale grains as related to grain yield and grain protein. Crop Sci. 35:1426–1431.
GrainCorp 2010. GrainCrop Harvest Report 09/10. Available at: https://doi.org/www.graincorp.com.au/prodserv/Harvest%2520Reports/09-10%2520GrainCorp%2520Harvest%2520Report.pdf. Verified 4 May 2012
Halverson, J., Zeleny, L. 1988. Criteria of wheat quality. In: Pomeranz, Y. (ed.), Wheat: Chemistry and Technology, Volume 1, 3rd ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN, USA, pp. 15–45.
Haque, M.E., Sufian, M.A., Waddington, S.R., Sarker, Z.I., Sarker, N.R., Meisner, C.A. 2006. Triticale is a quality fodder, feed and food for small-scale farmers in Bangladesh. In: Botes, W.C., Boros, D., Darvey, N., Gustafson, J.P., Jessop, R., Marais, G.F., Oettler, G., Salmon, D. (eds), Proc. 6th Int. Triticale Symp., International Triticale Association, Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 99–103.
Holman, J.D., Thompson, C.R., Hale, R.L., Schlegel, A.J. 2009. Grazing effects on yield and quality of hard white winter wheat. Agr. J. 101:775–788.
Honey, G. 2010. Test Weight of Australian Wheat — 2010 and Beyond. Grain Trade Australia. Available at: https://doi.org/www.wagg.com.au/Test_Weight_of_Australian_Wheat_2010_and_Beyond.pdf. Verified 30 June 2012
Khalil, I.H., Carver, B.F., Krenzer, E.G., MacKown, C.T., Horn, G.W., Rayas-Duarte, P. 2002. Genetic trends in winter wheat grain quality with dual-purpose and grain-only management systems. Crop Sci. 42:1112–1116.
Klopfenstein, C.F. 2000. Nutritional quality of cereal-based foods. In: Kulp, K., Ponte Jr., J.G. (eds), Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, pp. 705–723.
Leon, A.E., Rubilol, A., Anon, M.C. 1996. Use of triticale flours in cookies: Quality factors. Cereal Chem. 73:779–784.
Matthews, P.W., McCaffery, D.W. 2011. Winter Crop Variety Sowing Guide 2011. NSW DPI. Available at: https://doi.org/www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/272945/winter-crop-variety-sowing-guide-2011.pdf. Verified 1 March 2012
McGoverin, C.M., Snyders, F., Muller, N., Botes, W., Fox, G., Manley, M. 2011. A review of triticale uses and the effect of growth environment on grain quality. J. of the Science of Food and Agriculture 91:1155–1165.
Ohm, J.B., Chung, O.K., Deyoe, C.W. 1998. Single-kernel characteristics of hard winter wheats in relation to milling and baking quality. Cereal Chem. 75:156–161.
Peña, R.J. 2004. Food uses of triticale. In: Mergoum, M., Gómez-Macpherson, H. (eds), Triticale Improvement and Production. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, pp. 37–48.
Peña, R.J., Amaya, A. 1992. Milling and breadmaking properties of wheat and triticale grain blends. J. of the Science of Food and Agriculture 60:483–487.
Rasper, V.F., Walker, C.E. 2000. Quality evaluation of cereals and cereal products. In: Kulp, K., Ponte Jr., J.G. (eds), Handbook of Cereal Science and Technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, USA, pp. 505–537.
Roux, H.S., Marais, G.F., Snyman, J.E., Botes, W.C. 2006. The South African Triticale breeding programme: Current status. In: Botes, W.C., Boros, D., Darvey, N., Gustafson, J.P., Jessop, R., Marais, G.F., Oettler, G., Salmon, D. (eds), Proc. 6th Int. Triticale Symp., International Triticale Association, Stellenbosch, South Africa, pp. 80–84.
Royo, C., Tribo, F. 1997. Triticale and barley for grain and for dual-purpose (forage+grain) in a Mediterranean-type environment II. Yield, yield components, and quality. Australian J. of Agricultural Research 48:423–432.
Schwarte, A.J., Gibson, L.R., Karlen, D.L., Liebman, M., Jannink, J.-L. 2005. Planting date effects on winter triticale dry matter and nitrogen accumulation. Agr. J. 97:1333–1341.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) 2011. USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24. Nutrient Data Laboratory Home Page. Available at: https://doi.org/www.ars.usda.gov/ba/bhnrc/ndl. Verified 3 May 2012
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by L. Bona
Rights and permissions
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Dennett, A.L., Trethowan, R.M. The Influence of Dual-purpose Production on Triticale Grain Quality. CEREAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 41, 448–457 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.2013.0022
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/CRC.2013.0022