Abstract
This study investigated the factors influencing in vitro flowering of gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.). Multiple shoots were efficiently regenerated from cotyledonary node and axillary bud explants of C. anguria within 15 days on MSB5 medium containing 3% sucrose and supplemented with 1.5 mg l−1 6-benzyladinine (BA). The elongated shoots were excised and transferred to MSB5 medium containing 4% sucrose supplemented with 0.5 mg l−1 gibberellic acid (GA3) and 1.0 mg l−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) induced maximum number of flowers (9.5 flowers/plant) and root induction (16.5 roots/plant). Factors that influence the in vitro flowering were optimizing pH, photoperiod and temperature. In vitro flowering was significantly early and higher number of flowers produced at pH (5.8), photoperiod (12/12 h) and room temperature (28 °C). In vitro developed flowers were less viable (80 ± 1.0%) compared to control plants (90 ± 2.0%). Our in vitro flower induction procedures provide an extremely effective method for further research on flowering regulation mechanisms in C. anguria. These plantlets were successfully transferred to the soil where they grew well for 3 to 5 weeks with 90% survivability. Plants grew normally and produced flowers with viable pollen and fertile seeds.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
Abbreviations
- BA:
-
6-benzyladinine
- GA3:
-
gibberellic acid
- IBA:
-
indole-3-butyric acid
- KIN:
-
kinetin.
References
Ahmad, N., Anis, M. (2005) In vitro mass propagation of Cucumis sativus L. from nodal segments. Turk. J. Bot. 29, 237–240.
Al-Khayri, J. M., Huang, F. H., Morelock, T. E., Busharar, T. A. (1992) In vitro seed production from sex-modified male spinach plants regenerated from callus cultures. Scientia Hort. 52, 277–282.
Altschul, S., Van, R. (1973) Drugs and Foods from Little Known Plants. Notes in Harvard University Herbarium. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Ammar, S., Benbadis, A., Tripathi, B. K. (1987) Floral induction in date palm seedlings (Phoenix dactylifera var. Deglet Nour) cultured in vitro. Can. J. Bot. 65, 137–142.
Avenido, R. A., Haulea, D. M. (1990) In vitro organogenesis and flowering in mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). Phil. J. Crop Sci. 15, 169–173.
Das, P., Samantaray, S., Rout, G. R. (1996) Organogenesis and in vitro flowering of Echinochloa colona: Effect of growth regulators and explant types. Biol. Planta. 38, 335–342.
Deaton, M. H., Buxton, J. W., Hamilton-Kemp, T. R. (1984) The effects of growth regulators on development of Nicotiana affinis flowers in vitro. Hort. Sci. 19, 509–511.
Dickens, C. W. S., Van-Staden, J. (1988) In vitro flowering of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poellniz. 1. Role of culture conditions and nutrients. J. Exp. Bot. 39, 461–471.
Dzomba, P., Mupa, M. (2012) Wild Cucumis anguria leaves: phytochemical profile and antioxidant capacity. Asian Pacific J. Trop. Biomed. 1, 1–5.
Evans, L. T. (1971) Flower induction and the florigen concept. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 22, 365–394.
Franklin, G., Pius, P. K., Ignacimuthu, S. (2000) Factors affecting in vitro flowering and fruiting of green pea (Pisum sativum L.). Euphytica 115, 65–73.
Gamborg, O. L., Miller, R. A., Ojima, K. (1968) Nutrient experiments of suspension culture of soybean root callus. Exp. Cell Res. 80, 150–158.
Jumin, H. B., Ahmad, M. (1999) High-frequency in vitro flowering of Murraya paniculata (L.) Jack. Plant Cell Rep. 18, 764–768.
Jumin, H. B., Nito, N. (1995) Embryogenic protoplast cultures of orange jessamine (Murraya paniculata) and their regeneration into plants flowering in vitro. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 41, 277–279.
Jumin, H. B., Nito, N. (1996) In vitro flowering of Fortunella hindsii (Champ.). Plant Cell Rep. 15, 484–488.
Kachonpadungkitti, Y., Romchatngoen, S., Hasegawa, K., Hisajima, S. (2001) Efficient flower induction from cultured buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) node segments in vitro. Plant Growth Regul. 35, 37–45.
Kielkowska, A., Havey, M. J. (2012) In vitro flowering and production of viable pollen of cucumber. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 109, 73–82.
Koonneef, M., Alono-Blanco, C., Peeters, A. J. M., Soope, W. (1998) Genetic control of flowering time in Arabidopsis. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 49, 345–370.
Krekule, J., Machácková, L., Paplová, L., Seidlová, F. (1989) Hormonal signals in photoperiodic control of flower initiation. In: Krekule, J., Seidlová, F. (eds) Signals in Plant Development. SPB Academic Publishing, The Hague, pp. 145–162.
Kumar, V. A., Kumar, A., Kumar, J. (1995) In vitro flowering and pod formation in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Curr. Sci. 69, 543–545.
Kumar, S., Singh, M., Singh, A. K., Srivastava, K., Banerjee, M. K. (2003) In vitro propagation of pointed gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.). Cucurbit Genetic Cooperative Rep. 26, 74–75.
Lee, H. S., Yang, S. G., Liu, J. R., Lee, K. W. (1989) The control of in vitro flowering of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) by growth regulators. Kor. J. Bot. 32, 255–264.
Mangan, F., Moreira, M., Barros, Z., Fernandes, C., Mateus, R., Finger, F., Koenig, A., Bonanno, R., Autio, W., Alvarado, M., Wick, R. (2010) Research and extension activities implemented by the Umass ethnic crop program in 2009. Veg. Note. Veg. Farmers Mass. 21, 1–16.
Masmoudi-Allouche, F., Meziou, B., Kriaâ, W., Gargouri-Bouzid, R., Drira, N. (2010) In vitro flowering induction in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L). J. Plant Growth Regul. 29, 35–43.
Matsumoto, Y., Miyagi, M. (2012) Evaluation of the resistance in gherkin (Cucumis anguria L.) to Fusarium wilt and inheritance of the resistant gene. J. Agric Sci. 4, 145–149.
McCourt, P. (1999) Genetic analysis of hormone signaling. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 50, 219–243.
McDaniel, C. N., King, R. W., Evans, L. T. (1991) Floral determination and in vitro floral differentiation in isolated shoot apices of Lolium temulentum L. Planta 185, 9–16.
Murashige, T., Skoog, F. (1962) A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue culture. Physiol. Plant 5, 473–497.
NABARD (2005) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Gherkin AEZ-Karnataka. Evaluation study series no: Karnataka-13. https://doi.org/www.nabard.org Accessed 23 Aug 2011.
Pavlovkin, J., Palove-Balanga, P., Kolarovic, L., Zelinová, V. (2009) Growth and functional responses of different cultivars of Lotus corniculatus to aluminum and low pH stress. J. Plant Physiol. 166, 1479–1487.
Promkan, M., Dakeng, S., Chakrabarty, S., Bögler, O., Patmasiriwat, P. (2013) The effectiveness of cucurbitacin B in BRCA1 defective breast cancer cells. PLoS ONE 8(2), e55732. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0055732.
Quagliotti, L. (1967) Effects of different temperatures on stalk development, flowering habit, and sex expression in the carrot Daucus carota L. Euphytica 16, 83–103.
Rajasekaran, K., Mullins, M. G., Nair, Y. (1983) Flower formation in vitro by hypocotyl explants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Ann. Bot. 52, 417–420.
Ranasinghe, R. A. T. D., Abayagunawardana, A. G. N. I., Hettiarachchi, H. I. D. D., Farzana, A. R. F., Eeswara, J. P. (2006) In vitro flower induction in Gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Adlam). Trop. Agricult. Res. 18, 376–385.
Rastogi, R., Sawhney, V. K. (1987) The role of plant growth regulators, sucrose and pH in the development of floral buds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultured in vitro. J. Plant Physiol. 128, 285–295.
Robinson, R. W., Decker-Walters, D. S. (1997) Cucurbits. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, p. 226.
Sakanishi, Y., Imanishi, H., Ishida, G. (1980) Effect of temperature on growth and flowering of Phalaenopsis amabilis. Bull. University Osaka Pref. Ser. B 32, 1–9.
Sankhla, D., Davis, T. D., Sankhla, N., Upadhyaya, A. (1994) In vitro production of flowering shoots in ‘German Red’ carnation: effect of uniconazole and gibberellic acid. Plant Cell Rep. 13, 514–518.
Schultes, R. E. (1990) Biodynamic cucurbits in the new world tropics. In: Bates, D. M., Robinson, R. W., Jeffrey, C. (eds) Biology and Utilization of the Cucurbitaceae. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, pp. 307–317.
Senthil Kumar, S., Kamaraj, M. (2010) Analysis of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activities of Cucumis anguria L. against clinical pathogens. Am. Eurasian J. Agricul. Envir. Sci. 7, 176–178.
Sheeja, T. E., Mandal, A. B. (2003) In vitro flowering and fruiting in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Asia Pac. J. Mol. Biol. Biotech. 11, 37–42.
Sibanda, S., Chitate, N. (1990) Some constituents of Cucumis anguria. Fitoterapia 16, 381.
Srinivasan, C., Mullins, M. G. (1978) Control of flowering in the grapevine (Vitis vinifera): Formation of inflorescences in vitro by isolated tendrils. Plant Physiol. 61, 127–130.
Stephen, R., Jayabalan, N. (1998) In vitro flowering and seed setting formation of Coriandrum sativum L. Curr. Sci. 74, 195–197.
Tanimoto, S., Harada, H. (1981) Effects of IAA, zeatin, ammonium nitrate and sucrose on the initiation and development of floral buds in Torenia stem segments cultured in vitro. Plant Cell Physiol. 22, 1553–1560.
Tepfer, S. S., Karpoef, A. J., Greyson, R. I. (1966) Effects of growth substances on excised floral buds of Aquilegia. Am. J. Bot. 53, 148–157.
Thiruvengadam, M., Jayabalan, N. (2001) In vitro flowering of Vitex negundo L. A medicinal plant. Plant Cell Biotech. Molecular Biol. 2, 67–70.
Tisserat, B., Galletta, P. D. (1993) Production of cucumber fruits from the culture of ‘Marketmore-76’ plantlets. Plant Cell Rep. 13, 37–40.
Tisserat, B., Galletta, P. D. (1995) In vitro flowering and fruiting of Capsicum fruitescens L. Hort. Sci. 30, 130–132.
Vu, N. H., Anh, P. H., Nhut, D. T. (2006) The role of sucrose and different cytokinins in the in vitro floral morphogenesis of rose (hybrid tea) cv. “First Prize”. Plant Cell Tiss. Org. Cult. 87, 315–320.
Wang, S., Tang, L., Chen, F. (2001) In vitro flowering of bitter melon. Plant Cell Rep. 20, 393–397.
Whitaker, T. W., Davis, G. N. (1962) Cucurbits - Botany, Cultivation and Utilization. Leonard Hill, Interscience Publishers, United Kingdom, p. 249.
Zeng, S., Liang, S., Zhang, Y. Y., Wu, K. L., Teixeira Da Silva, J. A., Duan, J. (2013) In vitro flowering red miniature rose. Biol. Plant. 57, 401–409.
Zhang, H., Peng, G., Feishi, L. (2011) Efficient plant regeneration from cotyledonary node explants of Cucumis melo L. Afr. J. Biotech. 35, 6757–6761.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Thiruvengadam, M., Chung, I.M. Optimization Of Factors Influencing In Vitro Flowering of Gherkin (Cucumis Anguria L.). BIOLOGIA FUTURA 65, 72–84 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.65.2014.1.7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.65.2014.1.7