Abstract
To detect and identify natural antioxidants in Swertia chirayita with protective effect against cerebral infarction, a screening method, using column chromatography and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat, was developed. Seventeen compounds were purposefully separated and identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Ultraviolet Spectrum, and Mass Spectrometry. The purified compounds were further screened by radical scavenging activity and cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Two compounds showed apparent radical scavenging activity and neuroprotective activity. The two compounds were identified as 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,6-tetramethoxyxanthone and 1,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy xanthone, and were preliminarily considered as primary natural neuroprotective antioxidants in Swertia chirayita. These two compounds (20 mg kg−1) markedly decreased infarct size to below 5%, and also caused a significant improvement of activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) (92.90 ± 11.19 U ml−1), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (122.58 ± 12.31 μmol mg−1) and a decrease in the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) (3.98 ± 2.00 nmol ml−1) in serum. The two compounds showed strong capability for protective effects against cerebral damages induced by ischemia-reperfusion, and the protective effect may be related to the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. The use of the screening method based on tracing separation and ischemia reperfusion would provide a new way for detection of radical-scavenging and natural neuroprotective compounds from Swertia chirayita or complex matrices.
Article PDF
Similar content being viewed by others
Avoid common mistakes on your manuscript.
References
Boscá, L., Hortelano, S. (1999) Mechanisms of nitric oxide-dependent apoptosis: involvement of mitochondrial mediators. Cell. Signal. 11, 239–244.
Gilgun-Sherki, Y., Rosenbaum, Z., Melamed, E., Offen, D. (2002) Antioxidant therapy in acute central nervous system injury: current state. Pharmacol. Rev. 54, 271–284.
Goyal, H., Sukumar, S., Purushothaman, K. K. (1981) Antimalarials from Indian medicinal plants. J. Res. Ayur. Sid. 2, 286.
Islam, C. N., Bandyopadhyay, S. K., Banerjee, M. K., Das, P. C. (1995) Preliminary studies on the anti-inflammatory effects of Swertia chirata in albino rats. Indian J. Pharmacol. 27, 37–39.
Joshi, P., Dhawan, V. (2005) Swertia chirayita - an overview. Curr. Sci. 89, 635–640.
Janardhan, V., Qureshi, A. I. (2004) Mechanisms of ischemic brain injury. Curr. Cardiol. Rep. 6, 117–123.
Keil, M., Hartle, B., Guillaume, A., Psiorz, M. (2000) Production of amarogentin in root cultures of Swertia chirata. Planta Med. 66, 452–457.
Li, C., Jackson, R. M. (2002) Reactive species mechanisms of cellular hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 282, 227–241.
Longa, E. Z., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., Cummins, R. (1989) Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 20, 84–91.
Ma, S. W., Yin, H. F., Chen, L. Y., Liu, H. X., Zhao, M., Zhang, X. T. (2012) Neuroprotective effect of ginkgolide K against acute ischemic stroke on middle cerebral ischemia occlusion in rats. J. Nat. Med. 66, 25–31.
Madamanchi, N. R., Vendrov, A., Runge, M. S. (2005) Oxidative stress and vascular disease. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 25, 29–38.
Margaill, I., Plotkine, M. Lerouet, D. (2005) Antioxidant strategies in the treatment of stroke. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 39, 429–443.
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., Yagi, K. (1978) Reaction of linoleic acid hydroperoxide with thiobarbituric acid. J. Lipid Res. 19, 1053–1057.
Ozdegirmenci, O., Kucukozkan, T., Akdag, E., Topal, T., Haberal, A., Kayir, H., Oter, S., Akyol, M., Uzbay, T. (2011) Effects of sildenafil and tadalafil on ischemia/reperfusion injury in fetal rat brain. J. Matern.-Fetal Neo. M. 24, 317–323.
Özbala, S., Erbila, G., Koçdorb, H., Tuğyana, K., Pekçetina, Ç., Özoğula, C. (2008) The effects of selenium against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Neurosci. Lett. 438, 259–265.
Paglia, D. E., Valentine, W. N. (1967) Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterisation of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 70, 158–169.
Schreibelt, G., Horssen, J. V., Rossum, S. V., Dijkstra, C. D., Drukarch, B., Vries, H. E. (2007) Therapeutic potential and biological role of endogenous antioxidant enzymes in multiple sclerosis pathology. Brain Res. Rev. 56, 322–330.
Simerabet, M., Robin, E., Aristi, I., Adamczyk, S., Tavernier, B., Vallet, B., Bordet, R., Lebuffe, G. (2008) Preconditioning by an in situ administration of hydrogen peroxide: involvement of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial ATP-dependent potassium channel in a cerebral ischemia-reperfusion model. Brain Res. 1240, 177–184.
Sugawara, T., Chan, P. H. (2003) Reactive oxygen radicals and pathogenesis of neuronal death after cerebral ischemia. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 5, 597–607.
Saha, P., Mandal, S., Das, A., Das, P. C., Das, S. (2004) Evaluation of the anticarcinogenic activity of Swertia chirata Buch. Ham, an Indian medicinal plant, on DMBA-induced mouse skin carcinogenesis model. Phytother. Res. 18, 373–378.
Thiyagarajan, M., Sharma, S. S. (2004) Neuroprotective effect of curcumin in middle cerebral artery occlusion induced focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Life Sci. 74, 969–985.
Ye, N. H., Liu, S. T., Lin, Y. Y., Rao, P. F. (2011) Protective effects of intraperitoneal injection of TAT-SOD against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Life Sci. 89, 868–874.
Yousuf, S., Atif, F., Ahmad, M., Hoda, N., Ishrat, T., Khan, B., Islam, F. (2009) Resveratrol exerts its neuroprotective effect by modulating mitochondrial dysfunctions and associated cell death during cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 1250, 242–253.
Zheng, Y. Q., Liu, J. X., Wang, J. N., Xu, L. (2007) Effects of crocin on reperfusion-induced oxidative/ nitrative injury to cerebral microvessels after global cerebral ischemia. Brain Res. 1138, 86–94.
Zhou, Z. Y., Tang, Y. P., Xiang, J., Wu, P., Jin, H. M., Wang, Z., Mori, M., Cai, D. F. (2010) Neuroprotective effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on cerebral ischemic injury in rats. J. Ethnopharmacol. 131, 154–164.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank Dr. Junying Yang for the help in animal experiments. Thanks are also due to Prof. Rong-Fu Huang for plant identification.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
Rights and permissions
This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
About this article
Cite this article
Shi, GF., Wang, GY. & Chen, XF. Screening of Radical-Scavenging Natural Neuroprotective Antioxidants from Swertia chirayita. BIOLOGIA FUTURA 64, 267–278 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.64.2013.3.1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.64.2013.3.1