Abstract
This study compares the histological, cytological and biochemical effects of the cyanobacterial toxins microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings, with special regard to the developing root system. Cyanotoxins induced different alterations, indicating their different specific biochemical activities. MCY-LR stimulated mitosis of root tip meristematic cells at lower concentrations (1 μg ml−1) and inhibited it at higher concentrations, while CYN had only inhibitory effects. Low CYN concentrations (0.01 μg ml−1) stimulated lateral root formation, whereas low MCY-LR concentrations increased only the number of lateral root primordia. Both inhibited lateral root development at higher concentrations. They induced lignifications, abnormal cell swelling and inhibited xylem differentiation in roots and shoots. MCY-LR and CYN induced the disruption of metaphase and anaphase spindles, causing altered cell divisions. Similar alterations could be related to decreased protein phosphatase (PP1 and PP2A) activities in shoots and roots. However, in vitro phosphatase assay with purified PP1 catalytic subunit proved that CYN in contrast to MCY-LR, decreased phosphatase activities of mustard in a non-specific way. This study intends to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of toxic effects of a protein phosphatase (MCY-LR) and a protein synthesis (CYN) inhibitory cyanotoxin in vascular plants.
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Abbreviations
- BGST:
-
Blue-Green Sinapis Test
- CYN:
-
cylindrospermopsin
- DAPI:
-
4’,6’-diamidino-2 phenylindole
- GPx:
-
Glutathione-peroxidase enzymes
- GST:
-
Glutathione-S-transferase enzymes
- IC50:
-
fifty percent inhibitory concentration
- MAPs:
-
microtubule associated proteins
- MCY:
-
microcystins
- MCY-LR:
-
microcystin-LR
- PCD:
-
programmed cell death
- PP1:
-
serine/threonine protein phosphatases of type 1
- PP1c:
-
catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1
- PP2A:
-
serine/threonine protein phosphatases of type 2A
- ROS:
-
reactive oxygen species
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Acknowledgements
We acknowledge Dr. Ola Hadas for kindly helping with Aphanizomenon ovalisporum ILC164. We thank Dr. István Grigorszky for his help in taking microscopical photos. The work was supported by the Hungarian National Research Foundation Grants OTKA F46493, K68416, K81370, GVOP-3.2.1.-2004-04-0110/3.0. M. M-Hamvas, C. Máthé, G. Surányi and G. Vasas greatly acknowledge the personal support from Bolyai Janos Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Mrs. Ágnes Németh, Éva Barabás and Katalin Havelant are acknowledged for their excellent technical assistance.
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Máthé, C., Vasas, G., Borbély, G. et al. Histological, Cytological and Biochemical Alterations Induced by Microcystin-LR and Cylindrospermopsin in White Mustard (Sinapis alba L.) Seedlings. BIOLOGIA FUTURA 64, 71–85 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.64.2013.1.7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1556/ABiol.64.2013.1.7