Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Saving the children: (Queer) youth sexuality and the age of consent in Canada

  • Special Issue Article
  • Published:
Sexuality Research & Social Policy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Recent changes to age-of-consent legislation in Canada have prompted debates focusing on youth sexuality and queer sexuality. Using as a backdrop similar debates in the United Kingdom, the author investigates the changes to the age of consent in Canada from a queer theory perspective. The author comments on how heterosexual hegemony is maintained and reproduced by these legislative changes and how a shift from an identity-based view of sexuality to a performative perspective can help better illuminate how the Canadian state has deployed paternalistic conceptualizations of childhood and sexuality, most notably embodied through a shift in legislative language from consent to protection. This sociolegal look at state policy surrounding age of consent involves an examination of the history of sexual regulation in Canada and how hegemonic formulations of normative and deviant sexual activity influence and threaten access to education on sexuality and sexual health.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Angelides, S. (2004). Feminism, child sexual abuse, and the erasure of child sexuality. The Gay & Lesbian Quarterly, 10(2), 141–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Authier, P. (1997, January 20). Premiers endorse child sex trade bill [Electronic version]. The StarPhoenix, p. A8.

  • Baker, P. (2004). “Unnatural acts”: Discourses of homosexuality within the House of Lords debates on gay male law reform. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 8, 88–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • BC Civil Liberties Association. (2007, March). Civil liberties update. Retrieved July 12, 2007, from http:// www.bccla.org/Update/Mar07update.htm

  • Boyce, W., Doherty-Poirier, M., MacKinnon, D., Fortin, C., Saab, H., King, M., et al. (2006). Sexual health of Canadian youth: Findings from the Canadian Youth, Sexual Health and HIV/AIDS Study. Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 15, 59–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1993). Bodies that matter: On the discursive limits of “sex.” New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, J. (1999). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity (Rev. ed.). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. (1982). Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, RSC 1985, app. II, no. 44. Retrieved July 14, 2008, from http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/co nst/const1982.html#I

  • Casswell, D. G. (1996). Lesbians, gay men, and Canadian law. Toronto, ON, Canada: Emond Montgomery Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cossman, B. (1997). Feminist fashion or morality in drag? The sexual subtext of the Butler decision. In B. Cossman, S. Bell, L. Gotell, & B. L. Ross (Eds.), Bad Attitude/s on trial: Pornography, feminism, and Butler Butler decision (pp. 107–151). Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cossman, B., & Bell, S. (1997). Introduction. In B. Coss-man, S. Bell, L. Gotell, & B. L. Ross (Eds.), Bad Attitude/s on trial: Pornography, feminism, and the Butler decision (pp. 3–47). Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cossman, B., Bell, S., Gotell, L., & Ross, B. L. (1997). Bad attitude/s on trial: Pornography, feminism, and the Butler decision. Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Creelman, B. (2007, May 4). House approves age of consent bill. Xtra.ca. Retrieved July 11, 2007, from http://www.xtra.ca/public/viewstory.aspx?AFF TYPE=1& STORY_ID=2975& PUB_TEMPLATE ID=3

  • Criminal Code, R.S. c. C-46. (1985). Retrieved July 8, 2008, from http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-46/index.html

  • Department of Justice of Canada. (2002, June 10). Stronger child pornography laws receive royal assent. Retrieved May 30, 2008, from http://www.justice. gc.ca/eng/news-nouv/nr-cp/2002/doc_30529.html

  • Department of Justice of Canada. (2005, July). Highlights of Bill C-2 amendments to protect children and other vulnerable persons. Retrieved May 30, 2oo8.from http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/news-nouv/ nr-cp/2005/doc_31584.html

  • Dorais, M., & Lajeunesse, S. L. (2004). Dead boys can’t dance: Sexual orientation, masculinity, and suicide (P. Tremblay, Trans.). Montreal, QC, Canada: McGill-Queen’s University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan v. Canada, 2 S. C. R. 513 (1995).

  • Ellis, S. J., & Kitzinger, C. (2002). Denying equality: An analysis of arguments against lowering the age of consent for sex between men. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 12, 167–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, D., Johnson, R., & Steinberg, D. L. (2000). Twice told tales: Transformation, recuperation and emergence in the age of consent debates 1998. Sexualities, 3, 5–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenaughty, J., & Harré, N. (2003). Life on the seesaw: A qualitative study of suicide resiliency factors for young gay men. Journal of Homosexuality, 45(1), 1–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filax, G. (2006). Queer youth in the province of the “severely normal.” Vancouver, BC, Canada: UBC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, J. (2004). Outlaw & inlaws: Your guide to LGBT rights, same-sex relationships and Canadian law. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Pink Triangle Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Foucault, M. (1978). The history of sexuality: An introduction (vol. 1; R. Hurley, Trans.). New York: Vintage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gall, G. L. (1990). The Canadian legal system (3rd ed.). Toronto, ON, Canada: Carswell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gopinath, G. (2003). Funny boys and girls: Notes on a queer South Asian planet. In C. R. McCann & S. Kim (Eds.), Feminist theory reader: Local and global perspectives (pp. 260–266). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, S. (2006, February 8). Toews pledges speedy gun-crime clampdown: Justice minister wants spring bill—Predicts support of Liberals and NDP. Toronto Star, p. A1. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://canfirearms.ca/archives/text/v09n001-099/v09n098.txt

  • Gramsci, A. (1971). Selections from the Prison Note-books 1929–1935. London: Lawrence & Wishart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, M. C. (1997, April 22). Legislative summary. Bill C-27: An act to amend the Criminal Code: Child prostitution, child sex tourism, criminal harassment and female genital mutilation. Ottawa, ON, Canada: Library of Parliament. Retrieved July 17, 2008, from http://www.parl.gc.ca/35/2/parlbus/ chambus/house/bills/summaries/352C27-e.pdf

  • James, A., & James, A. L. (2001). Childhood: Toward a theory of continuity and change. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 575, 25–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinsman, G. (1996). The regulation of desire: Homo and hetero sexualities. Montreal, QC, Canada: Black Rose Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinsman, G. (2007). Constructing sexual problems: “These things may lead to the tragedy of our species.” In L. Samuelson & W. Antony (Eds.), Power & resistance: Critical thinking about Canadian social issues (pp. 96–134). Black Point, NS, Canada: Fernwood Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klippert v. The Queen, S.C.R. 822 (1967).

  • Kopelson, K. (2002). Dis/integrating the gay/queer binary: “Reconstructed identity politics” for a performative pedagogy. College English, 65(1), 17–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lahey, K. A. (1999). Are we “persons” yet? Law and sexuality in Canada. Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laskin, B. (1969). The British tradition in Canadian law. London: Stevens & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, J. (2002). Harmful to minors: The perils of protecting children from sex. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lind, C. (1998). Law, childhood innocence and sexuality. In L. J. Moran, D. Monk, & S. Beresford (Eds.), Legal queeries: Lesbian, gay and transgender legal studies (pp. 81–95). London: Cassell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchildon, G. (2006). Age of consent: Inequality remains. InQueeries. Retrieved July 10, 2007, from http://www.egale.ca/index.asp?lang=E& menu= 1& item=1329

  • McCann, M. (2007, April 17). Gays hung out to dry on consent. Xtra.ca. Retrieved July 11, 2007, from http://www.xtra.ca/public/viewstory.aspx?AFF TYPE=1& STORY_ID = 2909& PUB_TEMPLATE ID=1

  • McCann, M. (2008, February 14). Siksay spanked for position: Queer MP officially castigated for opposing crime bill. Xtra.ca. Retrieved July 7, 2008, from http://www.xtra.ca/public/viewstory.aspx?AFF TYPE=1& STORY_ID=4341& PUB TEMPLATE ID=5

  • Moran, J. (2002). Childhood and nostalgia in contemporary culture. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 5, 155–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parliament of Canada. (1997, April 27). 2nd Session, 35th Parliament, 45–46 Elizabeth II, 1996–97, The House of Commons of Canada: Bill C-27. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://www2.parl.gc.ca/House Publications/Publication.aspx?DocId=2329458& L anguage=e& Mode=1& File=16

  • Parliament of Canada. (2005, July 20). 38th Parliament— 1st Session (Oct. 4, 2004–Nov. 29, 2005) Status of the Bill: Bill C-2. Retrieved July 15, 2007, from http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp? Language=E& Chamber=N& StartList=A& EndList= Z& Session=13& Type=o& Scope=I& query=4199& List=stat

  • Parliament of Canada. (2007a, May 3). House of Commons debates: Volume 141, number 146, 1st session, 39th Parliament [Official report (Hansard)]. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://www2.parl. gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub = Hansard& Doc=146& Language=E& Mode=1& Parl= 39& Ses=1

  • Parliament of Canada. (2007b, May 4). House of Commons of Canada: 39th Parliament, 1st Session: Journals (No. 147). Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/ Publication.aspx?Language=E& Mode = 1& Parl = 39& Ses=1& DocId=2903104

  • Parliament of Canada. (2007c, June 20). 39th Parliament—1st Session (April 3, 2006–September 14, 2007). Status of the Bill: Bill C-22. Retrieved July 12, 2007, from http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/ index.asp?Language=E& Chamber=N& StartList= A& EndList=Z& Session = 14& Type = Q& Scope=I& query=4804& List=stat

  • Parliament of Canada. (2007d, November 28). House of Commons of Canada: 39th Parliament, 2nd Session: Journals (No. 26). Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/ Publication.aspx?Language=E& Mode = 1& Parl = 39& Ses=2& DocId=3137034

  • Parliament of Canada. (2008, March 3). 39th Parliament— 2nd Session (Oct. 16, 2007–Sept. 7, 2008). Status of the Bill: Bill C-2. Retrieved April 20, 2009, from http://www.parl.gc.ca/LEGISINFO/index.asp? Language=E& Chamber=N& StartList=A& EndList= Z& Session=l5& Type=o& Seope=I& query=5273& List=stat

  • Patrick, J. (2006). Sexual exploitation and the Criminal Code. Alberta Law Review, 43, 1057–1067.

    Google Scholar 

  • R. v. Butler, 1 S.C.R. 452 (1992).

  • R. v. Sharpe, 1 S.C.R. 45 (2001). Retrieved July 15, 2008, from http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2001/ 2001scc2/2001scc2.html

  • Robinson, S. (2006, November 30). Dear NDP caucus: Please vote down an age of consent increase. Capital Xtra. Retrieved July 11, 2008, from http://www.xtra. ca/public/viewstory.aspx?AFF_TYPE=2& STORY ID=2392& PUB_TEMPLATE_ID=7

  • Ross, B. L. (1997). “It’s merely designed for sexual arousal”: Interrogating the indefensibility of lesbian smut. In B. Cossman, S. Bell, L. Gotell, & B. L. Ross (Eds.), Bad Attitude/s on trial: Pornography, feminism, and the Butler decision (pp. 152–198). Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, S. T. (2005). Beyond risk: Resilience in the lives of sexual minority youth. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education, 2(3), 5–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savin-Williams, R. C. (2005). The new gay teenager. London: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaffner, L. (2002). An age of reason: Paradoxes in the U.S. legal construction of adulthood. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 10, 201–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanahan, S. (2007). Lost and found: The sociological ambivalence toward childhood. Annual Review of Sociology, 33, 407–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaver, F. (1994). The regulation of prostitution: Avoiding the morality traps. Canadian Journal of Law and Society, 9(1), 123–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, D. E. (1987). Institutional ethnography: A feminist research strategy. In D. E. Smith, The everyday world as problematic: A feminist sociology (pp. 151–179). Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, T. (1992). Sexual abuse and the rights of children: Reforming Canadian law. Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waites, M. (2003). Equality at last? Homosexuality, heterosexuality and the age of consent in the United Kingdom. Sociology, 37, 637–655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waites, M. (2004). The age of consent and sexual consent. In M. Cowling & P. Reynolds (Eds.), Making sense of sexual consent (pp. 73–92). Aldershot, Hants, United Kingdom: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, T. (2002). Never going back: A history of queer activism in Canada. Toronto, ON, Canada: University of Toronto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weissman, A. (Writer/Director/Producer), & Green, C. (Producer). (2002). Little Sister’s vs. Big Brother [Video]. (Available from Moving Images Distribution, 402 West Pender Street, Suite 606, Vancouver, BC V6B 1T6 Canada)

  • Wells, P. (1997, April 26). MPs sling mud on last day of 35th Parliament: 21 bills passed in Commons and Senate have gone to the governor-general for royal assent [Electronic version]. The Gazette, p. A11.

  • Yates, R. A., & Yates, R. W. (1993). Canada’s legal environment: Its history, institutions and principles. Scarborough, ON, Canada: Prentice-Hall Canada.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kalev Hunt.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Hunt, K. Saving the children: (Queer) youth sexuality and the age of consent in Canada. Sex Res Soc Policy 6, 15 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2009.6.3.15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2009.6.3.15

Key words

Navigation