Skip to main content

Pleasure, empowerment, and love: Factors associated with a positive first coitus

Abstract

Descriptions of adolescents’ first coital experiences have typically focused on the negative affect reported by women or on sex differences in levels of positive affect. Analyses of factors associated with a positive first coitus are rare. Accordingly, we examined correlates of a pleasurable first coital experience among 335 undergraduates. Analyses focused on three elements of a positive sexual experience—positive emotionality (e.g., happy), empowerment, and feelings of love—and on four groups of potential correlates: context of the first experience, parental socialization messages, gender attributes and beliefs, and body satisfaction. Each of these four domains emerged as significant correlates. Results suggested that a more intentional (vs. spontaneous) first experience, exposure to parental messages about sexual freedom, less adherence to “traditional” gender roles, and greater body satisfaction were related to a more positive first coital experience. These findings suggest that comprehensive sexual education programs would likely facilitate positive sexual development.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

References

  • Ackard, D., Kearney-Cooke, A., & Peterson, C. B. (2000). Effect of body image and self-image on women’s sexual behaviors.International Journal of Eating Disorders, 28, 422–429.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barone, N. M., & Wiederman, M. W. (1997). Young women’s sexuality as a function of perceptions of maternal sexual communication during childhood.Journal of Sex Education & Marital Therapy, 22(3), 33–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brock, L. J., & Jennings, G. H. (1993). Sexuality education: What daughters in their 30s wish their mothers had told them.Family Relations, 42(1), 61–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cash, T. E., & Henry, P. E. (1995). Women’s body images: The results of a national survey in the U.S.A.Sex Roles, 33, 19–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darling, C. A., & Hicks, M. W. (1982). Parental influence on adolescent sexuality: Implications for parents as educators.Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 11, 231–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darling, C. A., & Hicks, M. W. (1983). Recycling parental sexual messages.Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 9, 233–243.

    Google Scholar 

  • David, D., & Brannon, R. (1976). The male sex role: Our culture’s blueprint for manhood and what it’s done for us lately. In D. David & R. Brannon (Eds.),The forty-nine percent majority: The male sex role (pp. 1–48). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • DiIorio, C., Hockenberry-Eaton, M., Maibach, E., Rivero, T., & Miller, K. (1996). The content of African American mothers’ discussions with their adolescents about sex.Journal of Family Nursing, 2(4), 365–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dutra, R., Miller, K. S., & Forehand, R. (1999). The process and content of sexual communication with adolescents in two-parent families: Associations with sexual risk-taking behavior.AIDS & Behavior, 3(1), 59–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faith, M. S., & Schare, M. L. (1993). The role of body image in sexually avoidant behavior.Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22, 345–356.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, M. (1988). Sexuality, schooling, and adolescent females: The missing discourse of desire.Harvard Educational Review, 58, 29–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, T. D. (1993). A comparison of various measures of family sexual communication: Psychometric properties, validity, and behavioral correlates.Journal of Sex Research, 30, 229–238.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forrest, S. (2000). “Big and tough”: Boys’ learning about sexuality and manhood.Sexual and Relationship Therapy, 15, 247–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foshee, V., & Bauman, K. (1992). Gender stereotyping and adolescent sexual behavior: A test of temporal order.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22, 1561–1579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franzoi, S. L., & Shields, S. A. (1984). The body esteem scale: Multidimensional structure and sex differences in a college population.Journal of Personality Assessment, 48, 173–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson, B., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women’s lived experiences and mental health risks.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • French, D. C., & Dishion, T. J. (2003). Predictors of early initiation of sexual intercourse among high-risk adolescents.Journal of Early Adolescence, 23, 295–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galambos, N. L., Petersen, A. C., Richards, M., & Gitelson, I. B. (1985). The attitudes toward women scale for adolescents (AWSA): A study of reliability and validity.Sex Roles, 13, 343–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, M. K., & Ward, L. M. (2000).I’m beautiful, therefore I’m worthy: Assessing associations between media use and adolescents’ self-worth. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research on Adolescence, Chicago, IL.

  • Graber, J. A., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Galen, B. R. (1998). Betwixt and between: Sexuality in the context of adolescent transitions. In R. Jessor (Ed.),New perspectives on adolescent risk behavior (pp. 270–318). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guggino, J. M., & Ponzetti, J. J., Jr. (1997). Gender differences in affective reactions to first coitus.Journal of Adolescence, 20, 189–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haffner, D. W. (1998). Facing facts: Sexual health for American adolescents.Journal of Adolescent Health, 22, 453–459.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heatherton, T. F., & Polivy, J. (1992). Development and validation of a scale for measuring state self-esteem.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 60, 895–910.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holtzman, D., & Rubinson R. (1995). Parent and peer communication effects on AIDS-related behavior among US high school students.Family Planning Perspectives, 27(6), 235–237.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, J. M. (2002).Talk about sex: The battles over sex education in the United States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jessor, S. L., & Jessor, R. (1975). Transition from virginity to nonvirginity amongyouth: A social-psychological study over time.Developmental Psychology, 11, 473–484.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kehily, M. (2001). Bodies in school: Young men, embodiment, and heterosexual masculinities.Men & Masculinities, 4, 173–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk, R. E. (1995).Experimental design: Procedures for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laumann, E. O., Paik, A., & Rosen, R. C. (1999). Sexual dysfunction in the United States: Prevalence and predictors.Journal of American Medical Association, 281, 537–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, M. (Producer/Director), & Wunderlich, R. (Producer/Director). (2000).Beyond killing us softly: The impact of media images on women and girls [Motion picture]. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Documentary Films.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, J. (2002).Harmful to minors: The perils of protecting children from sex. Minnesota, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lottes, I. L. (1993). Nontraditional gender roles and the sexual experiences of heterosexual college students.Sex Roles, 29, 645–669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lucke, J. (1998). Gender roles and sexual behavior among young women.SexRoles, 39, 273–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, K. A. (1996).Puberty, sexuality, and the self: Boys and girls at adolescence. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Merriwether, A., & Ward, L. (2002).Comfort in our skin: The impact of women’s reproductive attitudes. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Chicago, IL.

  • Newcomer, S. F., & Udry, J. R. (1985). Parent-child communication and adolescent sexual behavior.Family Planning Perspectives, 17(4), 169–174.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Sullivan, L. F., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., & Watkins, B. X. (2001). Mother-daughter communication about sex among urban African American and Latino families.Journal of Adolescent Research, 16, 269–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, L. M. (2000).Flirting with danger: Young women’s reflections on sexuality and domination. New York, NY: New York University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleck, J. H., Sonenstein, F. L., & Ku, L. C. (1993). Masculinity ideology: Its impact on adolescent males’ heterosexual relationships.Journal of Social Issues, 49, 11–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pleck, J. H., Sonenstein, F. L., & Ku, L. C. (1994). Attitudes toward male roles: A discriminant validity analysis.Sex Roles, 30, 481–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raffaelli, M., & Ontai, L. L. (2001). “She’s 16 years old and there’s boys calling over to the house”: An exploratory study of sexual socialization in Latino families.Culture, Health & Sexuality, 3, 295–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez, N., Ryan, S. W., Rowan, A., & Foy, D. W. (1991, October).Trauma exposure and PTSD: Adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Paper presented at the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.

  • Rodriguez, N., Ryan, S. W., Rowan, A. B., & Foy, D. W. (1996). Post traumatic stress disorder in a clinical sample of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse.Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 943–952.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, R. G., & Smith, N. G. (1996). A survey of situational factors at first intercourse among college students.American Journal of Health Behavior, 20, 208–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schooler, D., & Ward, L. M. (in press). Average Joes: Men’s relationships with media, real bodies, and sexuality.Psychology of Men and Masculinity.

  • Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States. (2004). Position statements on adolescent sexual health. Retrieved October 22, 2004, fromhttp://www.siecus.org/about/abou0001.html

  • Shulman, J. L., & Home, S. G. (2003). The use of selfpleasure: Masturbation and body image among African American and European American women.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 27, 262–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sionean, C., DiClemente, R. J., Wingood, G. M., Crosby, R., Cobb, B. K., Harrington, K., et al. (2002). Psychosocial and behavioral correlates of refusing unwanted sex among African-American adolescent females.Journal of Adolescent Health, 30, 55–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Small, S. A., & Luster, T. (1994). Adolescent sexual activity: An ecological, risk-factor approach.Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 181–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1978).Masculinity and femininity: Their psychological dimensions, correlates and antecedents. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprecher, S., Barbee, A., & Schwartz, P. (1995). “Was it good for you, too?”: Gender differences in first sexual intercourse experiences.Journal of Sex Research, 32, 3–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Striegel-Moore, R., Silberstein, L., & Rodin, J. (1986). Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia.American Psychologist, 41, 246–263.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996).Using multivariate statistics (3rd ed.). New York: HarperCollins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, S. (1990). Putting a big thing into a little hole: Teenage girls’ accounts of sexual initiation.Journal of Sex Research, 27, 341–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L. (1994). Doing desire: Adolescent girls’ struggles for/with sexuality.Gender and Society, 8, 324–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L. (2002).Dilemmas of desire: Teenage girls talk about sexuality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L., & Porche, M. (2000). The adolescent femininity ideology scale: Development and validation of a new measure for girls.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 365–376.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tolman, D. L., Striepe, M. I., & Harmon, T. (2003). Gender matters: Constructing a model of adolescent sexual health.Journal of Sex Research, 40, 4–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trapnell, P. D., Meston, C. M., & Gorzalka, B. B. (1997). Spectatoring and the relationship between body image and sexual experience: Self-focus or selfvalence?Journal of Sex Research, 34, 267–278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, L. M. (1995). Talking about sex: Common themes about sexuality in the prime-time television programs children and adolescents view most.Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24, 595–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, L. M., & Wyatt, G. E. (1994). The effects of childhood sexual messages on African-American and White women’s adolescent sexual behavior.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 183–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weis, D. L. (1983). Affective reactions of women to their initial experience of coitus.Journal of Sex Research, 19, 209–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiederman, M. W. (2000). Women’s body image selfconsciousness during physical intimacy with a partner.Journal of Sex Research, 37(1), 60–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R. J., Harrington, K. F., & Davies, S. L. (2002). Body image and African American females’ sexual health.Journal of Women’s Health & Gender-Based Medicine, 11, 433–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Andrew P. Smiler, L. Monique Ward, Allison Caruthers or Ann Merriwether.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Smiler, A.P., Ward, L.M., Caruthers, A. et al. Pleasure, empowerment, and love: Factors associated with a positive first coitus. Sex Res Soc Policy 2, 41–55 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2005.2.3.41

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2005.2.3.41

Key words