Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

The evolutionary pathway of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome element

  • Published:
Biologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) element can carry resistance genes to antibiotics, disinfectants, and heavy metals, contributing to the survival of strains in the environment and causing difficulties in the treatment of staphylococcal infections. Methicillin resistance in staphylococci, which is of particular clinical significance, is encoded by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec). Despite the importance of the SCC element and description of multiple nucleotide sequences, the information about its origin and evolution is still scarce. Here, we present a phylogenetic analysis of SCC elements that is unique in the use of whole SCC sequences. A phylogenetic tree for a noteworthy number of 81 SCC elements based on global sequence alignment was constructed. The SCC clustering did not reflect the genetic relationships of bacteria containing the SCC elements, but was done according to type, determined by the combination of mec gene complex class and ccr gene complex type. The results emphasise the horizontal gene transfer as a means of spread of SCC elements in bacterial strains. Overall, this study contributes to the understanding of SCC emergence, evolution, and dissemination.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ACME:

arginine catabolic mobile element

CA-MRSA:

community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

CC:

clonal complex ccr, chromosome cassette recombinase

CoNS:

coagulase-negative staphylococci

HAMRSA:

hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

HGT:

horizontal gene transfer

LCB:

locally collinear block

MGE:

mobile genetic element

MLST:

multilocus sequence typing

MRSA:

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MSSA:

methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

SCC:

staphylococcal cassette chromosome

SCCmec:

staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec

ST:

sequence type

References

  • Aires de Sousa M. & de Lencastre H. 2004. Bridges from hospitals to the laboratory: genetic portraits of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 40: 101–111.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albrecht N., Jatzwauk L., Slickers P., Ehricht R. & Monecke S. 2011. Clonal replacement of epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains in a German university hospital over a period of eleven years. PLoS One 6: e28189.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Argudin M.A., Fetsch A., Tenhagen B.A., Hammerl J.A., Hertwig S., Kowall J., Rodicio M.R., Kasbohrer A., Helmuth R., Schroeter A., Mendoza M.C., Braunig J., Appel B. & Guerra B. 2010. High heterogeneity within methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolates, defined by Cfr9I macrorestriction-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles and spa and SCCmec types. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 76: 652–658.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Armand-Lefevre L., Ruimy R. & Andremont A. 2005. Clonal comparison of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from healthy pig farmers, human controls, and pigs. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11: 711–714.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baba T., Kuwahara-Arai K., Uchiyama I., Takeuchi F., Ito T. & Hiramatsu K. 2009. Complete genome sequence of Macrococcus caseolyticus strain JCSCS5402, reflecting the ancestral genome of the human-pathogenic staphylococci. J. Bacteriol. 191: 1180–1190.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbier F., Ruppe E., Hernandez D., Lebeaux D., Francois P., Felix B., Desprez A., Maiga A., Woerther P.L., Gaillard K., Jeanrot C., Wolff M., Schrenzel J., Andremont A. & Ruimy R. 2010. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in the community: high homology of SCCmec IVa between Staphylococcus epidermidis and major clones of methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect. Dis. 202: 270–281.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkeng E.K., Tessema G.T., Lundblad E.W., Butaye P., Willems R., Sollid J.E., Sundsfjord A. & Hegstad K. 2010. CcrABEnt serine recombinase genes are widely distributed in the Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus casseliflavus species groups and are expressed in E. faecium. Microbiology 156: 3624–3634.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Black C.C., Solyman S.M., Eberlein L.C., Bemis D.A., Woron A.M. & Kania S.A. 2009. Identification of a predominant multilocus sequence type, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis cluster, and novel staphylococcal chromosomal cassette in clinical isolates of mecA-containing, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Vet. Microbiol. 139: 333–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchami O., Ben Hassen A., de Lencastre H. & Miragaia M. 2011. Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus hominis (MRSHo): low clonality and reservoirs of SCCmec structural elements. PLoS One 6: e21940.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bouchami O., Ben Hassen A., de Lencastre H. & Miragaia M. 2012. High prevalence of mec complex C and ccrC is independent of SCCmec type V in Staphylococcus haemolyticus. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 31: 605–614.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boundy S., Safo M.K., Wang L., Musayev F.N., O’Farrell H.C., Rife J.P. & Archer G.L. 2013. Characterization of the Staphylococcus aureus rRNA methyltransferase encoded by orfX, the gene containing the staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) insertion site. J. Biol. Chem. 288: 132–140.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chlebowicz M.A., Mašlaňová I., Kuntová L., Grundmann H., Pantůček R., Doškař J., van Dijl J.M. & Buist G. 2014. The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type V from Staphylococcus aureus ST398 is packaged into bacteriophage capsids. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 304: 764–774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chlebowicz M.A., Nganou K., Kozytska S., Arends J.P., Engelmann S., Grundmann H., Ohlsen K., van Dijl J.M. & Buist G. 2010. Recombination between ccrC genes in a type V (5C2&5) staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) of Staphylococcus aureus ST398 leads to conversion from methicillin resistance to methicillin susceptibility in vivo. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 783–791.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuny C., Layer F., Strommenger B. & Witte W. 2011. Rare occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CC130 with a novel mecA homologue in humans in Germany. PLoS One 6: e24360.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Darling A.E., Mau B. & Perna N.T. 2010. Progressive Mauve: multiple genome alignment with gene gain, loss and rearrangement. PLoS One 5: e11147.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darriba D., Taboada G.L., Doallo R. & Posada D. 2012. jModel-Test 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nat. Methods 9: 772.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Daum R.S., Ito T., Hiramatsu K., Hussain F., Mongkolrattanothai K., Jamklang M. & Boyle-Vavra S. 2002. A novel methicillin-resistance cassette in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates of diverse genetic backgrounds. J. Infect. Dis. 186: 1344–1347.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lopes M.D.F.S., Ribeiro T., Abrantes M., Marques J.J.F., Tenreiro R. & Crespo M. T. 2005. Antimicrobial resistance profiles of dairy and clinical isolates and type strains of enterococci. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 103: 191–198.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeo F.R. & Chambers H.F. 2009. Reemergence of antibioticresistant Staphylococcus aureus in the genomics era. J. Clin. Invest. 119: 2464–2474.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • DeLeo F.R., Otto M., Kreiswirth B.N. & Chambers H.F. 2010. Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 375: 1557–1568.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Descloux S., Rossano A. & Perreten V. 2008. Characterization of new staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) and topoisomerase genes in fluoroquinolone- and methicillinresistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. J. Clin. Microbiol. 46: 1818–1823.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diep B.A., Gill S.R., Chang R.F., Phan T.H., Chen J.H., Davidson M.G., Lin F., Lin J., Carleton H.A., Mongodin E.F., Sensabaugh G.F. & Perdreau-Remington F. 2006. Complete genome sequence of USA300, an epidemic clone of community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet 367: 731–739.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Donnio P.Y., Fevrier F., Bifani P., Dehem M., Kervegant C., Wilhelm N., Gautier-Lerestif A.L., Lafforgue N., Cormier M., Le Coustumier A. & MR-MSSA Study Group of the College de Bacteriologie-Virologie-Hygeine des Hopitaux de France. 2007. Molecular and epidemiological evidence for spread of multiresistant methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus strains in hospitals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 4342–4350.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ender M., McCallum N., Adhikari R. & Berger-Bachi B. 2004. Fitness cost of SCCmec and methicillin resistance levels in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 2295–2297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Enright M.C., Day N.P., Davies C.E., Peacock S.J. & Spratt B.G. 2000. Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38: 1008–1015.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Enright M.C., Robinson D.A., Randle G., Feil E.J., Grundmann H. & Spratt B.G. 2002. The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99: 7687–7692.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fluit A.C., Carpaij N., Majoor E.A., Bonten M.J. & Willems R.J. 2013. Shared reservoir of ccrB gene sequences between coagulase-negative staphylococci and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 68: 1707–1713.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Alvarez L., Holden M.T.G., Lindsay H., Webb C.R., Brown D.F.J., Curran M.D., Walpole E., Brooks K., Pickard D.J., Teale C., Parkhill J., Bentley S.D., Edwards G.F., Girvan E.K., Kearns A.M., Pichon B., Hill R.L.R., Larsen A.R., Skov R.L., Peacock S.J., Maskell D.J. & Holmes M.A. 2011. Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a novel mecA homologue in human and bovine populations in the UK and Denmark: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect. Dis. 11: 595–603.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Guindon S., Dufayard J.F., Lefort V., Anisimova M., Hordijk W. & Gascuel O. 2010. New algorithms and methods to estimate maximum-likelihood phylogenies: assessing the performance of PhyML 3.0. Syst. Biol. 59: 307–321.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guindon S. & Gascuel O. 2003. A simple, fast, and accurate algorithm to estimate large phylogenies by maximum likelihood. Syst. Biol. 52: 696–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hanssen A.M., Kjeldsen G. & Sollid J.U.E. 2003. Local variants of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in sporadic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillinresistant coagulase-negative staphylococci: Evidence of horizontal gene transfer? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 285–296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison E.M., Paterson G.K., Holden M.T., Ba X., Rolo J., Morgan F.J., Pichon B., Kearns A., Zadoks R.N., Peacock S.J., Parkhill J. & Holmes M.A. 2014. A novel hybrid SCCmec-mecC region in Staphylococcus sciuri. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69: 911–918.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison E.M., Paterson G.K., Holden M.T., Morgan F.J., Larsen A.R., Petersen A., Leroy S., De Vliegher S., Perreten V., Fox L.K., Lam T.J., Sampimon O.C., Zadoks R.N., Peacock S.J., Parkhill J. & Holmes M.A. 2013. A Staphylococcus xylosus isolate with a new mecC allotype. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 1524–1528.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hiramatsu K., Ito T., Tsubakishita S., Sasaki T., Takeuchi F., Morimoto Y., Katayama Y., Matsuo M., Kuwahara-Arai K., Hishinuma T. & Baba T. 2013. Genomic basis for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Infect. Chemother. 45: 117–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ito T., Katayama Y., Asada K., Mori N., Tsutsumimoto K., Tiensasitorn C. & Hiramatsu K. 2001. Structural comparison of three types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec integrated in the chromosome in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 45: 1323–1336.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ito T., Ma X.X., Takeuchi F., Okuma K., Yuzawa H. & Hiramatsu K. 2004. Novel type V staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec driven by a novel cassette chromosome recombinase, ccrC. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 48: 2637–2651.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • IWG-SCC International Working Group on the Classification of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome Elements. 2009. Classification of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec): guidelines for reporting novel SCCmec elements. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53: 4961–4967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jevons M.P., Rolinson G.N. & Knox R. 1961. Celbenin-resistant staphylococci. Brit. Med. J. 1: 124–125.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jolley K.A. & Maiden M.C.J. 2010. BIGSdb: scalable analysis of bacterial genome variation at the population level. BMC Bioinformatics 11: 595.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Katoh K. & Standley D.M. 2013. MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 30: 772–780.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnevey P.M., Shore A.C., Brennan G.I., Sullivan D.J., Ehricht R., Monecke S. & Coleman D.C. 2014. Extensive genetic diversity identified among sporadic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered in Irish hospitals between 2000 and 2012. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58: 1907–1917.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight G.M., Budd E.L. & Lindsay J.A. 2013. Large mobile genetic elements carrying resistance genes that do not confer a fitness burden in healthcare-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Microbiology 159: 1661–1672.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Knight G.M., Budd E.L., Whitney L., Thornley A., Al-Ghusein H., Planche T. & Lindsay J.A. 2012. Shift in dominant hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) clones over time. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67: 2514–2522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kuroda M., Yamashita A., Hirakawa H., Kumano M., Morikawa K., Higashide M., Maruyama A., Inose Y., Matoba K., Toh H., Kuhara S., Hattori M. & Ohta T. 2005. Whole genome sequence of Staphylococcus saprophyticus reveals the pathogenesis of uncomplicated urinary tract infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102: 13272–13277.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S.M., Ender M., Adhikari R., Smith J.M., Berger-Bachi B. & Cook G.M. 2007. Fitness cost of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by way of continuous culture. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51: 1497–1499.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lina G., Durand G., Berchich C., Short B., Meugnier H., Vandenesch F., Etienne J. & Enright M.C. 2006. Staphylococcal chromosome cassette evolution in Staphylococcus aureus inferred from ccr gene complex sequence typing analysis. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12: 1175–1184.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mašlaňová I., Doškař J., Varga M., Kuntová L., Mužík J., Malúšková D., Růžičková V. & Pantůček R. 2013. Bacteriophages of Staphylococcus aureus efficiently package various bacterial genes and mobile genetic elements including SCCmec with different frequencies. Environ. Microbiol. Rep. 5: 66–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Okuma K., Iwakawa K., Turnidge J.D., Grubb W.B., Bell J.M., O’Brien F G., Coombs G.W., Pearman J.W., Tenover F.C., Kapi M., Tiensasitorn C., Ito T. & Hiramatsu K. 2002. Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40: 4289–4294.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oliveira D.C. & de Lencastre H. 2002. Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46: 2155–2161.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Otto M. 2013. Coagulase-negative staphylococci as reservoirs of genes facilitating MRSA infection: staphylococcal commensal species such as Staphylococcus epidermidis are being recognized as important sources of genes promoting MRSA colonization and virulence. Bioessays 35: 4–11.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Park Y.K., Paik Y.H., Yoon J.W., Fox L.K., Hwang S.Y. & Park Y.H. 2013. Dissimilarity of ccrAB gene sequences between methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among bovine isolates in Korea. J. Vet. Sci. 14: 299–305.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Perreten V., Chanchaithong P., Prapasarakul N., Rossano A., Blum S.E., Elad D. & Schwendener S. 2013. Novel pseudo-staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec element (psiSCCmec57395) in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius CC45. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 5509–5515.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Price L.B., Stegger M., Hasman H., Aziz M., Larsen J., Andersen P.S., Pearson T., Waters A.E., Foster J.T., Schupp J., Gillece J., Driebe E., Liu C.M., Springer B., Zdovc I., Battisti A., Franco A., Zmudzki J., Schwarz S., Butaye P., Jouy E., Pomba C., Porrero M.C., Ruimy R., Smith T.C., Robinson D.A., Weese J.S., Arriola C.S., Yu F., Laurent F., Keim P., Skov R. & Aarestrup F.M. 2012. Staphylococcus aureus CC398: host adaptation and emergence of methicillin resistance in livestock. MBio 3: e00305-11.

  • Queck S.Y., Khan B.A., Wang R., Bach T.H., Kretschmer D., Chen L., Kreiswirth B.N., Peschel A., Deleo F.R. & Otto M. 2009. Mobile genetic element-encoded cytolysin connects virulence to methicillin resistance in MRSA. PLoS Pathog. 5: e1000533.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson D.A. & Enright M.C. 2003. Evolutionary models of the emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 3926–3934.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rolo J., de Lencastre H. & Miragaia M. 2012. Strategies of adaptation of Staphylococcus epidermidis to hospital and community: amplification and diversification of SCCmec. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 67: 1333–1341.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rolo J., de Lencastre H. & Miragaia M. 2014. High frequency and diversity of cassette chromosome recombinases (ccr) in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus sciuri. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 69: 1461–1469.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ronquist F. & Huelsenbeck J.P. 2003. MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572–1574.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scharn C.R., Tenover F.C. & Goering R.V. 2013. Transduction of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec elements between strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57: 5233–5238.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shore A.C. & Coleman D.C. 2013. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec: recent advances and new insights. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 303: 350–359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stamatakis A., Blagojevic F., Nikolopoulos D.S. & Antonopoulos C.D. 2007. Exploring new search algorithms and hardware for phylogenetics: RAxML meets the IBM cell. J. VLSI Signal Processing 48: 271–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsubakishita S., Kuwahara-Arai K., Baba T. & Hiramatsu K. 2010a. Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec-like element in Macrococcus caseolyticus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 1469–1475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tsubakishita S., Kuwahara-Arai K., Sasaki T. & Hiramatsu K. 2010b. Origin and molecular evolution of the determinant of methicillin resistance in staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54: 4352–4359.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Udo E.E., Pearman J.W. & Grubb W.B. 1993. Genetic analysis of community isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Western Australia. J. Hosp. Infect. 25: 97–108.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Urushibara N., Paul S.K., Hossain M.A., Kawaguchiya M. & Kobayashi N. 2011. Analysis of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec in Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Staphylococcus sciuri: identification of a novel ccr gene complex with a newly identified ccrA allotype (ccrA7). Microb. Drug Resist. 17: 291–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vanderhaeghen W., Vandendriessche S., Crombe F., Dispas M., Denis O., Hermans K., Haesebrouck F. & Butaye P. 2012. Species and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) diversity among methicillin-resistant non-Staphylococcus aureus staphylococci isolated from pigs. Vet. Microbiol. 158: 123–128.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Verkade E. & Kluytmans J. 2014. Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus CC398: animal reservoirs and human infections. Infect. Genet. Evol. 21: 523–530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Voss A., Loeffen F., Bakker J., Klaassen C. & Wulf M. 2005. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11: 1965–1966.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wisplinghoff H., Rosato A.E., Enright M.C., Noto M., Craig W. & Archer G.L. 2003. Related clones containing SCCmec type IV predominate among clinically significant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47: 3574–3579.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z., Li F., Liu D., Xue H. & Zhao X. 2015. Novel type XII staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec harboring a new cassette chromosome recombinase, CcrC2. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59: 7597–7601.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zong Z., Peng C. & Lu X. 2011. Diversity of SCCmec elements in methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci clinical isolates. PLoS One 6: e20191.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a grant from the Czech Science Foundation (GP13-05069P). Access to computing and storage facilities owned by parties and projects contributing to the National Grid Infrastructure MetaCentrum, provided under the programme “Projects of Large Infrastructure for Research, Development, and Innovations” (LM2010005), is greatly appreciated. We thank Eva Kodytková for her valuable help with this manuscript.

Author information

Author notes

  1. These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, CZ-61137, Brno, Czech Republic

    Adéla Indráková, Ivana Mašlaňová, Jiří Doškař & Roman Pantůček

  2. CECAD, Universität zu Köln, Joseph-Stelzman-Str. 26, D-50931, Köln, Germany

    Viera Kováčová

  3. Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Královopolská 135, CZ-61265, Brno, Czech Republic

    Viera Kováčová

Authors
  1. Adéla Indráková
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ivana Mašlaňová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Viera Kováčová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jiří Doškař
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Roman Pantůček
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ivana Mašlaňová.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Indráková, A., Mašlaňová, I., Kováčová, V. et al. The evolutionary pathway of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome element. Biologia 71, 1195–1203 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0156

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016-0156

Key words

Search

Navigation