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Usefulness of Community Pharmacy for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Older People Using the IQ-CODE Questionnaire

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Abstract

Background

People with cognitive impairment (CI) need to be identified early because of the risk of progression to dementia.

Objectives

The primary objective of the study was to analyze the usefulness of the community pharmacy for early detection of CI in older people through their caregivers. As secondary objective the risk factors related to IQ-CODE classification of risk of CI were identified.

Design

A cross-sectional observational study was designed.

Setting

Caregivers were selected by pharmacists from Spanish community pharmacies.

Participants

Subjects with a close relationship to persons over 70 years of age who were not previously diagnosed with CI and who did not live in a nursing home or were hospitalized participated in the study.

Measurements

The proportion of older people who were classified as “at risk of CI” was assessed using the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQ-CODE), which was completed by the caregiver.

Results

A total of 197 pharmacists selected 910 caregivers with an average age of 53 years, 75.5% of whom were women. In 324 people over the age of 70 (38.5%), “risk of CI” was observed, increasing with age. The risk of CI was 4.3 times higher in older people who complained of memory loss (p<0.001), 2.5 times higher if they had had a stroke in the last two years (p=0.007), 1.9 times higher if they were smokers (p=0.045) and 1.6 times higher if they were diabetic (p=0.028).

Conclusion

Detection of risk of CI from the community pharmacy showed prevalence figures consistent with the CI figures observed in the Spanish primary care setting, demonstrating the capacity of the community pharmacy to contribute to early detection of CI.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the caregivers who agreed to participate in the study for their generosity and disinterested collaboration. We thank the following pharmacists (name, province) for their participation in the study: Javier Abizanda Martinez, Murcia; Maria Macarena Alsina Casalduero, Barcelona; Josep Maria Alsina Costa, Barcelona; Elena Alvarez Hevia-Laborda, Asturias; Alejandro Anchel Añó, Valencia; Leire Andraca Iturbe, Bizkaia; Bibiana Antón Asensi, Alicante; Ana Arias Barra, Palencia; Dana Genoveva Arustei Arustei, Alicante; Silvia Astort Padilla, Barcelona; Vicente Javier Baixauli Fernández, Valencia; Ana Bedialauneta Prendes, Cantabria; Mireia Berenguer Salinas, Barcelona; Purificación Bermejo Peñalver, Murcia; Amparo Bonilla Guijarro, Madrid; Carmen Borau Benabarre, Huesca; Carla Borja Prats, Alicante; Inés Bragado Grela, A Coruña; Rosa Maria Carbonell Coca, Barcelona; Loreto Cardella Pou, Barcelona; Matilde Casañ Sánchez, Valencia; Nuria Cascajo Almenara, Cádiz; Rebeca Cerezo Montejo, Burgos; María Teresa Climent Catalá, Valencia; Tomas Codesal Gervas, Zamora; Alex Codina Toutain, Barcelona; Maria Carme Constanso Vilaseca, Barcelona; Francisco Eugenio Crespo Sanchez, Alicante; Ana De Pedro Andres, Barcelona; María Del Villar Igea, Valladolid; Olga Deleito Molina, Asturias; Anastasio Delgado Delgado Casas, Ciudad Real; Yeelen Dellano Mendez, Barcelona; Cristina Díaz Jiménez, La Rioja; Raquel Domínguez Navajo, Gipuzkoa; María Gema Dorta Álvarez, Santa Cruz De Tenerife; Helena Escrigas Albó, Barcelona; Nuria Estrada Garrido, Madrid; Luisa Ma Fernandez Magni, Cantabria; Diana Fernandez Martinez, Asturias; Mara Ferrer Mestre, Alicante; Joelle Font Andres, Barcelona; Ana Freire Bodelo, Asturias; Marta María Freire Hermida, A Coruña; Coloma Fullana Alzamora, Balears, Illes; Elvira Garcia Llaneza, Asturias; María Jesús Garcia Marco, Valencia; Diana Laura García Martín, Santa Cruz De Tenerife; Luis García Moreno, Albacete; Concha Gomez Cassinello, Córdoba; Luis Gómez Blasco, Valencia; Jordi Gómez Ivars, Tarragona; Maria Soledad Gonzalez Silva, Pontevedra; Ángela González Hernández, Madrid; Alicia González Rodríguez, Madrid; Marta Guitart Estany Guitart Estany, Zaragoza; Virtudes Hernandez García, Alicante; Pilar Hernández Álvarez, Valencia; José Ernesto Hernández Sánchez, Zaragoza; Luis Carlos Hernández-Gil Monfort, Murcia; Jose Ibarz Gmbón, Huesca; Margarita Iturbe Fernandez, Pontevedra; Irene Jaraiz Magariños, Asturias; Francisco Jordano Luna, Córdoba; Alfonso Lopez Ruiz, Murcia; Silvia López Alaiz, Asturias; Mireia Llinàs Martín, Balears, Illes; Judit Llorens Pallejà, Barcelona; Daniel Federico Martín Redondo, Madrid; Angel Mas Farré, Huesca; Teresa Mas Oliver, Alicante; Maria Begoña Medina Domínguez, Asturias; Lucila Magdalena Menéndez Bueno Bueno, Guadalajara; Eloi Merencio Naudin, Barcelona; Francisca Miralles López, Alicante; Ana Molinero Crespo, Madrid; Fernando Mora Pérez, Valencia; Pilar Morago Corella, Cantabria; Purificación Muñoz Fernandez, Sevilla; Noeli Muñoz Gimenez, Teruel; Maria Gloria Najera Sotorrio, Pontevedra; Sonia Nieto Sánchez, Barcelona; Jordi Omedes Rigau, Girona; Jaime Ortega-Meder Diez, Asturias; Javier Palacios Fernandez, Jaén; Silvia Palma López, Las Palmas; Ma Dolores Pallarés Barberà, Castellón; Anna Pares Vilardell, Barcelona; Ma Luisa Parrilla Bonet, Tarragona; Ma Luisa Parrilla Bonet, Tarragona; Juan Ernesto Peña Ros, Murcia; Yanira Pereira Gonzalez, Asturias; Laura Perez Perez, Cádiz; Maite Perez Sanchez, Barcelona; Elena Pérez Hoyos, Cuenca; Ana Luisa Pizarro Ortega, Las Palmas; Francisco Javier Plaza Zamora, Murcia; Elisa Pulgar Feio, Madrid; Maria Del Mar Represas Seoane, A Coruña; Noa Rey Torres, A Coruña; Nuria Ribeiro Lanza, Cantabria; Jesús Riquelme Cascales, Murcia; Ana Ma Rojas Oton, Murcia; Mario Rosique Robles, Murcia; Francisca Ruiz Lozano, Alicante; Alejandra Ruiz Muñoz, Cantabria; Blanca Salvá Leal, Balears, Illes; Francisco Sánchez Luengo, Las Palmas; Navidad Sánchez Marcos, Madrid; Josefa Sánchez Moratos, Barcelona; Eva Sarmiento Alonso, Madrid; Eduardo Satue De Velasco, Zaragoza; María Sebastián Morelló, Valencia; Pilar Serrano Martínez, Barcelona; Consuelo Serrano Peiro, Valencia; Yolanda Trillo Tejedor, Barcelona; Yolanda Tubio Pichel, Asturias; Marta Val Pérez, Zaragoza; Elisabet Vallmaña Oliver, Barcelona; Benigna Villasuso Cores Villasuso Cores, A Coruña; Matilde Yáñez Jato, Lugo.

Funding

Funding: The study was sponsored by NEURAXPHARM SPAIN, S.L. The sponsor was involved in the design, interpretation of data, manuscript review and in the decision to submit the article for publication.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Psychiatry Department, Madrid, Spain

    L. F. Agüera Ortiz

  2. Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Neurology Department, Madrid, Spain

    G. García-Ribas

  3. Farmacia “La farmacia de abajo”, Almodóvar del Río (Córdoba), Spain, Córdoba, Spain

    F. Jordano Luna

  4. Neuraxpharm Spain, Medical Department, Barcelona, Spain

    M. C. Porras Álvarez

  5. Sociedad Española de Farmacia Clínica Familiar y Comunitaria (SEFAC), Madrid, Spain

    N. Sánchez Marcos

  6. E-C-BIO, S.L., Las Rozas (Madrid), Medical Department, Madrid, Spain

    Begoña Soler López

  7. E-C-BIO, S.L., c/ Rosa de Lima, 1, Edificio ALBA, Office 016; 28230, Las Rozas (Madrid), Spain

    Begoña Soler López

Authors
  1. L. F. Agüera Ortiz
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  2. G. García-Ribas
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  3. F. Jordano Luna
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  4. M. C. Porras Álvarez
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  5. N. Sánchez Marcos
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  6. Begoña Soler López
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Consortia

Grupo de estudio NEURAXCARE

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Begoña Soler López.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of interest: Luis Fernando Agüera Ortiz and Guillermo García-Ribas received fees for coordinating the study. Ma Concepción Porras is employee of Neuraxpharm Spain. Begoña Soler was hired by Neuraxpharm Spain to conduct the design, monitoring, statistical analysis, and management of publications derived from the study. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Statement of Informed Consent: Written informed consent was obtained from all caregivers.

Statement of Human Rights: The study protocol was in accordance with the ethical standards described in the Declaration of Helsinki, and all participants’ privacy rights were respected. The study was approved by the Medicinal Product Research Ethics Committee of Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal of Madrid (12-January-2020; Minutes no. 405).

Cooperative Group of Spanish pharmacists (Name, province): Javier Abizanda Martinez, Murcia; Maria Macarena Alsina Casalduero, Barcelona; Josep Maria Alsina Costa, Barcelona; Elena Alvarez Hevia-Laborda, Asturias; Alejandro Anchel Añó, Valencia; Leire Andraca Iturbe, Bizkaia; Bibiana Antón Asensi, Alicante; Ana Arias Barra, Palencia; Dana Genoveva Arustei Arustei, Alicante; Silvia Astort Padilla, Barcelona; Vicente Javier Baixauli Fernández, Valencia; Ana Bedialauneta Prendes, Cantabria; Mireia Berenguer Salinas, Barcelona; Purificación Bermejo Peñalver, Murcia; Amparo Bonilla Guijarro, Madrid; Carmen Borau Benabarre, Huesca; Carla Borja Prats, Alicante; Inés Bragado Grela, A Coruña; Rosa Maria Carbonell Coca, Barcelona; Loreto Cardella Pou, Barcelona; Matilde Casañ Sánchez, Valencia; Nuria Cascajo Almenara, Cádiz; Rebeca Cerezo Montejo, Burgos; María Teresa Climent Catalá, Valencia; Tomas Codesal Gervas, Zamora; Alex Codina Toutain, Barcelona; Maria Carme Constanso Vilaseca, Barcelona; Francisco Eugenio Crespo Sanchez, Alicante; Ana De Pedro Andres, Barcelona; María Del Villar Igea, Valladolid; Olga Deleito Molina, Asturias; Anastasio Delgado Delgado Casas, Ciudad Real; Yeelen Dellano Mendez , Barcelona; Cristina Díaz Jiménez, La Rioja; Raquel Domínguez Navajo, Gipuzkoa; María Gema Dorta Álvarez, Santa Cruz De Tenerife; Helena Escrigas Albó, Barcelona; Nuria Estrada Garrido, Madrid; Luisa Mª Fernandez Magni, Cantabria; Diana Fernandez Martinez, Asturias; Mara Ferrer Mestre, Alicante; Joelle Font Andres, Barcelona; Ana Freire Bodelo, Asturias; Marta María Freire Hermida, A Coruña; Coloma Fullana Alzamora, Balears, Illes; Elvira Garcia Llaneza, Asturias; María Jesús Garcia Marco, Valencia; Diana Laura García Martín , Santa Cruz De Tenerife; Luis García Moreno, Albacete; Concha Gomez Cassinello, Córdoba; Luis Gómez Blasco, Valencia; Jordi Gómez Ivars, Tarragona; Maria Soledad Gonzalez Silva, Pontevedra; Ángela González Hernández, Madrid; Alicia González Rodríguez, Madrid; Marta Guitart Estany Guitart Estany, Zaragoza; Virtudes Hernandez García, Alicante; Pilar Hernández Álvarez, Valencia; José Ernesto Hernández Sánchez, Zaragoza; Luis Carlos Hernández-Gil Monfort, Murcia; Jose Ibarz Gmbón, Huesca; Margarita Iturbe Fernandez, Pontevedra; Irene Jaraiz Magariños, Asturias; Francisco Jordano Luna, Córdoba; Alfonso Lopez Ruiz, Murcia; Silvia López Alaiz, Asturias; Mireia Llinàs Martín, Balears, Illes; Judit Llorens Pallejà, Barcelona; Daniel Federico Martín Redondo, Madrid; Angel Mas Farré, Huesca; Teresa Mas Oliver, Alicante; Maria Begoña Medina Domínguez, Asturias; Lucila Magdalena Menéndez Bueno Bueno, Guadalajara; Eloi Merencio Naudin, Barcelona; Francisca Miralles López, Alicante; Ana Molinero Crespo, Madrid; Fernando Mora Pérez, Valencia; Pilar Morago Corella, Cantabria; Purificación Muñoz Fernandez, Sevilla; Noeli Muñoz Gimenez, Teruel; Maria Gloria Najera Sotorrio, Pontevedra; Sonia Nieto Sánchez, Barcelona; Jordi Omedes Rigau, Girona; Jaime Ortega-Meder Diez, Asturias; Javier Palacios Fernandez, Jaén; Silvia Palma López, Las Palmas; Mª Dolores Pallarés Barberà, Castellón; Anna Pares Vilardell, Barcelona; Mª Luisa Parrilla Bonet, Tarragona; M ª Luisa Parrilla Bonet, Tarragona; Juan Ernesto Peña Ros, Murcia; Yanira Pereira Gonzalez, Asturias; Laura Perez Perez, Cádiz; Maite Perez Sanchez, Barcelona; Elena Pérez Hoyos, Cuenca; Ana Luisa Pizarro Ortega, Las Palmas; Francisco Javier Plaza Zamora, Murcia; Elisa Pulgar Feio, Madrid; Maria Del Mar Represas Seoane, A Coruña; Noa Rey Torres, A Coruña; Nuria Ribeiro Lanza, Cantabria; Jesús Riquelme Cascales, Murcia; Ana Mª Rojas Oton, Murcia; Mario Rosique Robles, Murcia; Francisca Ruiz Lozano, Alicante; Alejandra Ruiz Muñoz, Cantabria; Blanca Salvá Leal, Balears, Illes; Francisco Sánchez Luengo, Las Palmas; Navidad Sánchez Marcos, Madrid; Josefa Sánchez Moratos, Barcelona; Eva Sarmiento Alonso, Madrid; Eduardo Satue De Velasco, Zaragoza; María Sebastián Morelló, Valencia; Pilar Serrano Martínez, Barcelona; Consuelo Serrano Peiro, Valencia; Yolanda Trillo Tejedor, Barcelona; Yolanda Tubio Pichel, Asturias; Marta Val Pérez, Zaragoza; Elisabet Vallmaña Oliver, Barcelona; Benigna Villasuso Cores Villasuso Cores, A Coruña; Matilde Yáñez Jato, Lugo.

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Agüera Ortiz, L.F., García-Ribas, G., Jordano Luna, F. et al. Usefulness of Community Pharmacy for Early Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Older People Using the IQ-CODE Questionnaire. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 10, 488–496 (2023). https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2023.39

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