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Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives

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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a global health concern owing to its complexity, which often poses a great challenge to the development of therapeutic approaches. No single theory has yet accounted for the various risk factors leading to the pathological and clinical manifestations of dementiatype AD. Therefore, treatment options targeting various molecules involved in the pathogenesis of the disease have been unsuccessful. However, the exploration of various immunotherapeutic avenues revitalizes hope after decades of disappointment. The hallmark of a good immunotherapeutic candidate is not only to remove amyloid plaques but also to slow cognitive decline. In line with this, both active and passive immunotherapy have shown success and limitations. Recent approval of aducanumab for the treatment of AD demonstrates how close passive immunotherapy is to being successful. However, several major bottlenecks still need to be resolved. This review outlines recent successes and challenges in the pursuit of an AD vaccine.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their gratitude to the unknown referees for carefully reading the paper and giving valuable suggestions.

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  1. These authors contributed equally to this work

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    M. B. Usman

  2. Department of Biotechnology, HIMT, CCS University, Greater Noida, UP, India

    S. Bhardwaj

  3. Department of Life Science and Bioinformatics, Assam University, Silchar, India

    S. Roychoudhury

  4. Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sec 125, Noida, India

    D. Kumar

  5. Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, 2770, NSW, Australia

    A. Alexiou

  6. AFNP Med Austria, Wien, Austria

    A. Alexiou

  7. Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University (Formerly DCE), Delhi, India

    P. Kumar & R. K. Ambasta

  8. Department of Chemistry, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies, Energy Acres, Dehradun, India

    P. Prasher

  9. Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, 2007, Australia

    S. Shukla & K. Dua

  10. Centre of Research for Development (CRD4), Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara, Gujrat, 391760, India

    V. Upadhye

  11. Department of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    F. A. Khan

  12. Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India

    R. Awasthi

  13. School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia

    M. D. Shastri

  14. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India

    S. K. Singh

  15. School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura, Mahal Road, Jaipur, India

    G. Gupta

  16. Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    D. K. Chellappan

  17. Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, New South Wales, Australia

    K. Dua

  18. Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Knowledge Park III, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India

    S. K. Jha & Niraj Kumar Jha

  19. Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

    J. Ruokolainen & K. K. Kesari

  20. Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland

    K. K. Kesari

  21. Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box - 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

    Shreesh Ojha

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  1. M. B. Usman
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Contributions

Author’s contributions: NKJ and SO conceptualized the study and hypotheses. MBU, SB, SR, DK, AA and SKS performed literature search. NKJ draw the schemes and drafted the artwork. GG, DKC, KD, JR and KKK drafted the tables. NKJ, and other authors contributed significantly in editing the manuscript. PK, RKA, PP, SS, VU, FAK, RA, SKJ and MDS significantly contributed during revision. All authors read, edited and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Shreesh Ojha or Niraj Kumar Jha.

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Conflict of Interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Usman, M.B., Bhardwaj, S., Roychoudhury, S. et al. Immunotherapy for Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Scenario and Future Perspectives. J Prev Alzheimers Dis 8, 534–551 (2021). https://doi.org/10.14283/jpad.2021.52

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