Abstract
Neuropeptide S (NPS) is a newly identified transmitter that modulates arousal and anxiety. To determine potential neuronal targets for NPS, we studied the pattern of neuronal activation as indicated by the expression of Fos. Centrally administered NPS increased Fos-like immunoreactivity (FLI) in the paraventricular, dorsomedial nuclei and lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) of the hypothalamus, the midline thalamic nuclei, and the amygdala, many parts of which are involved in the regulation of emotion, arousal, and feeding. In particular, we noted that Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-ir) levels were increased in orexin-expressing neurons in the LHA. We then studied whether an icv injection of NPS increased food intake. The injection of NPS (1 nmol) significantly stimulated feeding at 2 h in rats, but there was no difference in food intake at 4 h or 24 h. These results suggest that arousal and feeding induced by NPS in the central nervous system may be related to the activation of orexin-expressing neurons.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Xu, Y. L., Reinscheid, R. K., Huitron-Resendiz, S., et al. (2004). Neuron 43, 487–497.
Reinscheid, R. K., Xu, Y. L., and Civelli, O. (2005). Molecular Interventions 5, 42–46.
Reinscheid, R. K. and Xu, Y. L. (2005). FEBS J. 272, 5689–5693.
Reinscheid, R. K. and Xu, Y. L. (2005). The Neuroscientist 11(6), 532–538.
Hagan, J. J., Leslie, R. A., Patel, S., et al. (1999). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96, 10911–10916.
Bourgin, P., Huitron-Resendiz, S., and Spier, A. D. (2000). J. Neurosci. 20, 7760–7765.
Sakurai, T. (1999). Regul. Pept. 85, 25–30.
Sakurai, T., Amemiya, A., Ishii, M., et al. (1998). Cell 92, 573–585.
Vanni-Mercier, G., Sakai, K., and Jouvet, M. (1984). Acad. Sci. 298, 195–200.
de Lecea, L., Kilduff, T. S., Peyron, C., et al. (1998). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 322–327.
Nambu, T., Sakurai, T., Mizukami, K., et al. (1999). Brain Res. 827, 243–260.
Kilduff, T. S. and Peyron, C. (2000). Trends Neurosci. 23, 359–365.
Swanson, L. W. and Sawchenko, P. E. (1983). Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 6, 269–324.
van der Werf, Y. D., Witter, M. P., and Groenewegen, H. J. (2002). Brain Res. Rev. 39, 107–140.
Pare, D., Quirk, G. J., and Ledoux, J. E. (2004). Neurophysiol. 92, 1–9.
Niimi, M., Sato, M., Yokote, R., Tada, S., and Takahara, J. (1999). J. Neuroendocrinol. 11, 605–611.
Niimi, M., Sato, M., and Taminato, T. (2001). Endocrine 14, 269–273.
Niimi, M. and Murao, K. (2005). Endocrine 27, 51–54.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Niimi, M. Centrally administered neuropeptide S activates orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus and stimulates feeding in rats. Endocr 30, 75–79 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1385/ENDO:30:1:75
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/ENDO:30:1:75