Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology that affects the lungs and the lymphatic system. It is seen by specialists in allergy, rheumatology, and pulmonary disease. Although there are no clues to etiology, an environmental basis has been implicated primarily on the basis of epidemiologic and anecdotal data. The majority of patients are very readily diagnosed and should not be confused with other pulmonary disorders. Sarcoidosis can become an issue if it occurs in the presence of other significant pulmonary disease, such as patients with asthma or hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Most patients remain asymptomatic and many are diagnosed when picked up on a routine screenign exam. Steroids can be used to manage some patients but caution should be exercised to choose the appropriate dose and to treat patients for a limited period of time to avoid the complications of steroids. A minority of patients do progress to significant disease, including morbidity and mortality, and further research is needed to determine more appropriate and specific therapy for such situations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Baughman, R.P., Teirstein, A.S., Judson, M.A., et al. (2001), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, 1885–1889.
Pietinalho, A., Hiraga, Y., Hosoda, Y., Lofroos, A.B., Yamaguchi, M., and Selroos, O. (1995), Sarcoidosis 12, 61–67.
Kim, D.S. (2001), Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 18, 176–180.
Fité, E., Alsina, J.M., Maña, J., Pujol, R., Ruiz, J., and Morera, J. (1996), Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 13, 153–158.
Hillerdal, G., Nöu, E., Osterman, K., and Schmekel, B. (1984), Am Rev Respir Dis 130, 29–32.
Poukkula, A., Huhti, E., Lilja, M., and Saloheimo, M. (1986), Br J Dis Chest 80, 138–147.
Rybicki, B.A., Major, M., Popovich, J., Jr., Maliarik, M.J., and Iannuzzi, M.C. (1997), Am J Epidemiol 145, 234–241.
(1999), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160, 736–755.
Baughman, R.P., Lower, E.E., and du Bois, R.M. (2003), Lancet 361, 1111–1118.
Visser, H., Vos, K., Zanelli, E., et al. (2002), Ann Rheum Dis 61, 499–504.
Neville, E., Walker, A.N., and Geraint James, D. (1983), Q J Med 52(208), 525–533.
Gottlieb, J.E., Israel, H.L., Steiner, R.M., Triolo, J., and Patrick, H. (1997), Chest 111, 623–631.
Siltzbach, L.E., Geraint, D., Neville, E., et al. (1974), Am J Med 57, 847–852.
Tomita, H., Ina, Y., Sugiura, Y., Sato, S., Kawaguchi, H., Morishita, M., Yamamoto, M., and Ueda, R. (1997), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156, 255–259.
Sharma, P., Smith, I., Maguire, G., Stewart, S., Sheerson, J., and Brown, M.J. (1997), Lancet 349, 1602–1603.
Furuya, K., Yamaguchi, E., Itoh, A., et al. (1996), Thorax 51, 777–780.
Planck, A., Eklund, A., Yamaguchi, E., and Grunewald, J. (2002), J Intern Med 251, 217–222.
Müller-Quernheim, J. (1998), Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 15, 22–37.
Katchar, K., Wahlström, J., Eklund, A., and Grunewald, J. (2001), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163, 1540–1545.
Müller-Quernheim, J., Pfeifer, S., Strausz, J., and Ferlinz, R. (1991), Am Rev Respir Dis 144, 1322–1329.
Ward, K., O'Connor, C., Odlum, C., and Fitzgerald, M.X. (1989), Thorax 44, 6–12.
Verstraeten, A., Demedts, M., Verwilghen, J., et al. (1990), Chest 98, 560–567.
Planck, A., Eklund, A., and Grunewald, J. (2001), Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 18, 64–69.
Wahlström, J., Katchar, K., Wigzell, H., Olerup, O., Eklund, A., and Grunewald, J. (2001), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163, 115–121.
Drent, M., Jacobs, J.A., de Vries, J., et al. (1999), Eur Respir J 13, 1338–1344.
Ziegenhagen, M.W., Schrum, S., Zissel, G., Zipfel, P.F., Schlaak, M., and Müller-Quernheim, J. (1998), J Invest Med 46, 223–231.
Lin, Y.H., Haslam, P.L., and Turner-Warwick, M. (1985), Thorax 40, 501–507.
Hunninghake, G.W., Gilbert, S., Pueringer, R., et al. (1994), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 149, 893–898.
Sharma, O.P. (2002), J Postgrad Med 48, 135–141.
Paramothayan, S. and Jones, P.W. (2002), JAMA 287, 1301–1307.
Gibson, G.J., Prescott, R.J., Muers, M.F., et al. (1996), Thorax 51, 238–247.
Eule, H., Weinecke, A., Roth, I., and Wuthe, H. (1986), Ann NY Acad Sci 465, 695–701.
Reich, J.M. (2002), Chest 121, 32–39.
Spiteri, M.A., Newman, S.P., Clarke, S.W., and Poulter, L.W. (1989), Eur Respir J 2, 218–224.
Alberts, C., van der Mark, T.W., Jansen, H.M., and Dutch Study Group on Pulmonary Sarcoidosis (1995), Eur Respir J 8, 682–688.
Pietinalho, A., Tukiainen, P., Haahtela, T., Persson, T., Selroos, O., and Finnish Pulmonary Sarcoidosis Study Group (1999), Chest 116, 424–431.
Pietinalho, A., Tukiainen, P., Haahtela, T., Persson, T., and Selroos, O. (2002), Chest 121, 24–31.
Baughman, R.P. and Lower, E.E. (1999), Thorax 54, 742–746.
Baughman, R.P., Winget, D.B., and Lower, E.E. (2000), Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 17, 60–66.
Wyser, C.P., van Schalkwyk, E.M., Alheit, B., Bardin, P.G., and Joubert, J.R. (1997), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156, 1371–1376.
Baltzan, M., Mehta, S., Kirkham, T.H., and Cosio, M.G. (1999), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160, 192–197.
Baughman, R.P., Judson, M.A., Teirstein, A.S., Moller, D.R., and Lower, E.E. (2002), Chest 122, 227–232.
Kucera, G.P., Rybicki, B.A., Kirkey, K.L., et al. (2003), Chest 123, 1527–1535.
du Bois, R.M., Goh, N., McGrath, D.S., and Cullinan, P. (2003), J Intern Med 253, 4–17.
Moller, D.R. and Chen, E.S. (2002), Curr Opin Pulm Med 8, 429–434.
Rybicki, B.A., Iannuzzi, M.C., Frederick, M.M., et al. (2001), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, 2085–2091.
Schürmann, M., Lympany, P.A., Reichel, P., et al. (2000), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162, 861–864.
Schürmann, M., Reichel, P., Müller-Myhsok, B., Schlaak, M., Müller-Quernheim, J., and Schwinger, E. (2001), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, 840–846.
Rybicki, B.A., Maliarik, M.J., Poisson, L.M., et al. (2003), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167, 444–449.
Iannuzzi, M.C., Maliarik, M.J., Poisson, L.M., and Rybicki, B.A. (2003), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167, 1225–1231.
Sato, H., Grutters, J.C., Pantelidis, P., et al. (2002), Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 27, 406–412.
Berlin, M., Fogdell-Hahn, M., Olerup, O., Eklund, A., and Grunewald, J. (1997), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156, 1601–1605.
Foley, P.J., McGrath, D.S., Puscinska, E., et al. (2001), Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 25, 272–277.
Grutters, J.C., Sato, H., Pantelidis, P., et al. (2002), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165, 1119–1124.
Seitzer, U., Swider, C., Stüber, F., et al. (1997), Cytokine 9, 787–790.
Swider, C., Schnittger, L., Bogunia-Kubik, K., et al. (1999), Eur Cytokine Netw 10, 143–146.
Yamaguchi, E., Itoh, A., Hizawa, N., and Kawakami, Y. (2001), Chest 119, 753–761.
Takashige, N., Naruse, T.K., Matsumori, A., et al. (1999), Tissue Antigens 54, 191–193.
Petrek, M., Drabek, J., Kolek, V., et al. (2000), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162, 1000–1003.
Hizawa, N., Yamaguchi, E., Furuya, K., Jinushi, E., Ito, A., and Kawakami, Y. (1999), Am J REspir Crit Care Med 159, 2021–2023.
Takada, T., Suzuki, E., Ishida, T., et al. (2001), Tissue Antigens 58, 293–298.
Foley, P.J., Lympany, P.A., Puscinska, E., Zielinski, J., Welsh, K.I., and du Bois, R.M. (1999), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160, 1009–1014.
Arbustini, E., Grasso, M., Leo, G., et al. (1996), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 153, 851–854.
McGrath, D.S., Foley, P.J., Petrek, M., et al. (2001), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164, 197–201.
Pietinalho, A., Furuya, K., Yamaguchi, E., Kawakami, Y., and Selroos, O. (1999), Eur Respir J 13, 723–726.
Maliarik, M.J., Rybicki, B.A., Malvitz, E., et al. (1998), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 158, 1566–1570.
Schürmann, M., Reichel, P., Müller-Myhsok, B., et al. (2001), J Intern Med 249, 77–83.
Pietinalho, A., Ohmichi, M., Hiraga, Y., Lofroos, A.B., and Selroos, O. (1996), Sarcoidosis Vasc diffuse Lung Dis 13, 159–166.
Wirnsberger, R.M., de Vries, J., Wouters, E.F.M., and Drent, M. (1998), Neth J Med 53, 53–60.
Moller, D.R., Konishi, K., Kirby, M., Balbi, B., and Crystal, R.G. (1988), J Clin Invest 82, 1183–1191.
Forman, J.D., Klein, J.T., Silver, R.F., Liu, M.C., Greenlee, B.M., and Moller, D.R. (1994), J Clin Invest 94, 1533–1542.
Grunewald, J., Janson, C.H., Eklund, A., et al. (1992), Eur J Immunol 22, 129–135.
Grunewald, J., Olerup, O., Persson, U., Berlin öhrn, M., Wigzell, H., and Eklund, A. (1994), Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91, 4965–4969.
Müller-Quernheim, J. (1998), Eur Respir J 12, 716–738.
Moller, D.R. (2003), J Intern Med 253, 31–40.
Möllers, M., Aries, S.P., Drömann, D., Mascher, B., Braun, J., and Dalhoff, K. (2001), Thorax 56, 487–493.
Hauber, H.P., Gholami, D., Meyer, A., and Pforte, A. (2003), Thorax 58, 519–524.
Greene, C.M., Meachery, G., Taggart, C.C., et al. (2000), J Immunol 165, 4718–4724.
Moller, D.R., Forman, J.D., Liu, M.C., et al. (1996), J Immunol 156, 4952–4960.
Shigehara, K., Shijubo, N., Ohmichi, M., et al. (2001), J Immunol 166, 642–649.
Fukami, T., Miyazaki, E., Matsumoto, T., Kumamoto, T., and Tsuda, T. (2001), Clin Immunol 101, 12–20.
Zissel, G., Homoloka, J., Schlaak, M., and Müller-Quernheim, J. (1996), Am J Respir Crit Care Med 154, 713–719.
Ziegenhagen, M.W., Rothe, M.E., Schlaak, M., and Müller-Quernheim, J. (2003), Eur Respir J 21, 407–413.
Gal, A.A. and Koss, M.N. (2002), Curr Opin Pulm Med 8, 445–451.
Agostini, C., Meneghin, A., and Semenzato, G. (2002), Curr Opin Pulm Med 8, 435–440.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Borchers, A.T., So, C., Naguwa, S.M. et al. Clinical and immunologic components of sarcoidosis. Clinic Rev Allerg Immunol 25, 289–303 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1385/CRIAI:25:3:289
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/CRIAI:25:3:289