Abstract
This paper describes a new method for the rapid extraction and unequivocal confirmation of herbicides chlormequat and mepiquat in wheat flours and various flours utilized in infant foods. The highly automated extraction procedure is based on accelerated solvent extraction, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry as a confirmatory analysis. Typical recoveries from flours and baby food samples ranged from 83 to 99% at a fortification level of 10 ppb, corresponding to the maximum residue limits established by the European Union; while relative standard deviations (RSD) were less than 10% for all samples. The limit of detection (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) of the method for the considered phenols in baby food samples are less than 0.1 μg g−1. Traces of the selected herbicides have been detected in about 50% of baby foods, bought from different Roman supermarkets and butcher shops, applying the described methodology.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Tomlin CDS (1997) In: The pesticide manual, 11th edn. British Crop Protection Council, UK
Julhler RK, Vahl M (1999) J AOAC Int 82:331–339
Joint Meeting of the FAO Panel of Experts, Pesticide residues in food, Report on pesticide residues in food and the environment and the WHO Expert Group on pesticide residues (1994) FAO Plant Production and Protection Paper No. 127, FAO, Rome, pp 50
Riediker S, Obrist H, Varga N, Stadler RH (2002) J Chromatogr A 966:15–23
Hau J, Riediker S, Varga N, Stadler RH (2000) J Chromatogr A 878:77–86
Codex Alimentarius Commission (1999) Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards Program Report of the 31st Session of the Codex Committee on Pesticide residues, The Hague, ALINORM 99/24A
Moyano E, Games DE, Galceran MT (1996) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 10:1379–1385
Wycherley D, Rose ME, Giles K, Hutton TM, Rimmer DA (1996) J Chromatogr A 734:339–349
Startin JE, Hird SJ, Sykes MD, Taylor JC, Hill ARC (1999) Analyst 124:1011–1015
Mol HGJ, Van Dam RCJ, Vreeken RJ, Steijger OM (2000) J AOAC Int 83:742–747
Evans CS, Startin JR, Goodall DM, Keely BJ (2000) J Chromatogr A 897:399–404
Evans CS, Startin JR, Goodall DM, Keely BJ (2000) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 14:112–117
Castro R, Moyano E, Galceran MT (2001) J Chromatogr A 914:111–121
Horak J, Werther W, Schmid ER (2001) Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 15:241–248
Pico Y, Font G, Molto JC, Manes J (2000) J Chromatogr A 885:251–271
Richter BE, Jones BA, Ezzell JL, Porter NL (1996) Anal Chem 68:1033–1039
Bjorklund E, Nilsson T (2000) Trends Analyt Chem 19:434–445
Chuang JC, Hart K, Chang JS, Boman LE, Van Emon JM, Reed AW (2001) Anal Chim Acta 444:87–95
Pecorelli I, Galarini R, Bibi R, Floridi A, Casciarri E, Floridi A (2003) Anal Chim Acta 483:81–89
Djien Liem AK (1999) Trends Analyt Chem 18:499–507
Gentili A, Perret D, Marchese S, Sergi M, Olmi C, Curini R (2004) J Agric Food Chem 52:4614–4624
Commission Recommendation (1999) 1999/333/E.G. of 3 March 1999. Off J Eur Commun, L128
Commission Decision 93/256/EEC of 14 April 1993. Off J Eur Comm 1993; L 118
Fenn JB (1993) J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 4:524–535
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Marchese, S., Perret, D., Bafile, E. et al. Pressurized Liquid Extraction Coupled with LC–ESI–MS–MS for the Determination of Herbicides Chlormequat and Mepiquat in Flours. Chroma 70, 761–767 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1266-x
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1365/s10337-009-1266-x