Abstract
The phenomenon of strain-induced porosity (SIP) in extra-low interstitial (ELI) grade Ti-6Al-4V with a transformed β starting microstructure is investigated to understand its origin during α-β cogging. For this purpose, the constitutive behavior of the material is coupled with finite-element method (FEM) simulations of the cogging process. Two distinct types of SIP relevant to cogging speeds and temperatures, viz., shear cracking and void nucleation, are identified. While the former occurs at the prior β grain boundaries below 825 °C, the latter occurs at the prior colony boundaries when the deformation temperature is close to the β transus. The FEM simulations have shown that deformation conditions existing in the midregion of the billet are favorable for void nucleation. The mechanism of void growth in the presence of tensile residual stress and temperature during resoaking is modeled using the Cocks-Ashby coupled growth model. Repeated cogging and resoaking steps cause multiplication of void population in large numbers. To avoid both types of defects in any region of the billet, a practical solution has been developed by introducing a differential temperature profile from the surface to the center, and the validity of the proposed scheme is verified with FEM heat-transfer simulations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Materials Properties Handbook: Titanium Alloys, R. Boyer, G. Welsch, and E.W. Collings, eds., ASM International, Materials Park, OH, 1994, pp. 483–619.
R.W. Hertzberg: Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials, 3rd ed., John Wiley Sons, New York, NY, 1987, p. 366.
S.R. Seagle, K.O. Yu, and S. Giangiordano: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1999, vol. A263, pp. 237–42.
D. Furrer: Adv. Mater. Proc., 1999, No. 3, pp. 33–36.
S.L. Semiatin, V. Seetharaman, A.K. Ghosh, E.B. Shell, M.P. Simon, and P.N. Fagin: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 1998, vol. A256, p. 92–110.
S.L. Semiatin, R.L. Goetz, E.B. Shell, V. Seetharaman, and A.K. Ghosh: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 1999, vol. 30A, pp. 1411–24.
T. Seshacharyulu, S.C. Medeiros, J.C. Malas, W.G. Frazier, and Y.V.R.K. Prasad: “Microstructural Mechanisms during Hot Working of Commercial Grade Ti-6Al-4V with Lamellar Preform Structure,” Wright-Patterson AFB, unpublished work, 1999.
T. Seshacharyulu, S.C. Medeiros, J.C. Morgan, J.C. Malas, W.G. Frazier, and Y.V.R.K. Prasad: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2000, vol. A279, pp. 289–99.
Y.V.R.K. Prasad, T. Seshacharyulu, S.C. Medeiros, J.C. Malas, and W.G. Frazier: Mater. Sci. Technol., 2000, vol. 16, pp. 1029–36.
T.G. Nieh, J. Wadsworth, and O.D. Sherby: Superplasticity in Metals and Ceramics, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1997, p. 81.
A. Chaudhary, S.C. Medeiros, and J.C. Malas: Wright-Patterson AFB, unpublished work, 1997.
N. Ridley: Superplasticity, AGARD Lecture Series No. 168, NATO, France, pp. 4.1–4.14.
A.C.F. Cocks and M.F. Ashby: Progr. Mater. Sci., 1982, vol. 27, pp. 189–244.
R. Raj: Deformation Processing Maps, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1982.
DEFORM User Manual, Scientific Forming Technologies Corporation, Columbus, OH, 1998.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tamirisakandala, S., Medeiros, S.C., Frazier, W.G. et al. Strain-induced porosity during cogging of extra-low interstitial grade Ti-6Al-4V. J. of Materi Eng and Perform 10, 125–130 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1361/105994901770345114
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1361/105994901770345114