Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Incarcerating death: Mortality in U.S. state correctional facilities, 1985–1998

  • Published:
Demography

Abstract

Using data from the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics and Census Bureau, I estimate death rates of working-age prisoners and nonprisoners by sex and race. Incarceration was more detrimental to females in comparison to their male counterparts in the period covered by this study. White male prisoners had higher death rates than white males who were not in prison. Black male prisoners, however, consistently exhibited lower death rates than black male nonprisoners did. Additionally, the findings indicate that while the relative difference in mortality levels of white and black males was quite high outside of prison, it essentially disappeared in prison. Notably, removing deaths caused by firearms and motor vehicles in the nonprison population accounted for some of the mortality differential between black prisoners and nonprisoners. The death rates of the other groups analyzed suggest that prison is an unhealthy environment; yet, prison appears to be a healthier place than the typical environment of the nonincarcerated black male population. These findings suggest that firearms and motor vehicle accidents do not sufficiently explain the higher death rates of black males, and they indicate that a lack of basic healthcare may be implicated in the death rates of black males not incarcerated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Akaike, H. 1973. “Information and an Extension of the Maximum Likelihood Principle.” Pp. 267–81 in 2nd International Symposium on Information Theory, edited by B. Petrov and F. Csaki. Budapest: Akademiai Kiado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anno, B.J. 2004. “Prison Health Services: An Overview.” Journal of Correctional Health Care 10: 287–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barrett-Connor, E. 1997. “Sex Differences in Coronary Heart Disease: Why Are Women So Superior? The 1995 Ancel Keys Lecture.” Circulation 95: 252–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A.J. and J.C. Karberg. 2001. “Prison and Jail Inmates at Midyear 2000.” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin report. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkel, J. and F. de Waard. 1983. “Mortality Pattern and Life Expectancy of Seventh-Day Adventists in the Netherlands.” International Journal of Epidemiology 12: 455–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Binswanger, I., M. Stern, R. Deyo, P. Heagerty, A. Cheadle, J. Elmore, and T. Koepsell. 2007. “Release From Prison—A High Risk for Former Inmates.” New England Journal of Medicine 356: 157–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumstein, A. and A.J. Beck. 1999. “Population Growth in U.S. Prisons, 1980–1996.” Pp. 17–62 in Prisons, edited by M. Tonry and J. Petersilia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bushway, D. 2004. “Labor Market Effects of Permitting Employer Access to Criminal History Records.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 20: 276–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clavel, F., S. Benhamou, and R. Flamant. 1987. “Decreased Mortality Among Male Prisoners.” Lancet 2: 1012–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, W.S., S.J. Devlin, and E. Grosse. 1988. “Regression by Local Fitting.” Journal of Econometrics 37: 87–114.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, W.S. and E. Grosse. 1991. “Computational Methods for Local Regression.” Statistics and Computing 1: 47–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crabbe, D.L., K. Dipla, S. Ambati, A. Zafeiridis, J.P. Gaughan, S.R. Houser, and K.B. Marguilies. 2003. “Gender Differences in Post-Infarction Hypertrophy in End-Stage Failing Hearts.” Journal of American College of Cardiology 41: 300–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crimmins, E.M. and Y. Saito. 2001. “Trends in Healthy Life Expectancy in the United States, 1970–1990: Gender, Racial and Educational Differences.” Social Science and Medicine 52: 1629–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fazel, S. and R. Benning. 2005. “Natural Deaths in Male Prisoners: A 20-Year Mortality Study.” European Journal of Public Health 16: 441–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gajewski, A. and A. Poznanska. 2008. “Mortality of Top Athletes, Actors, and Clergy in Poland: 1924–2000 Follow-Up Study of the Long Term Effect of Physical Activity.” European Journal of Epidemiology 23: 335–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, E. 1966. “Smoking in Relation to the Death Rates of One Million Men and Women.” Pp. 127–204 in Epidemiological Approaches to the Study of Cancer and Other Chronic Diseases, edited by W. Haenszel. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargraves, J.L. and J. Hadley. 2003. “The Contribution of Insurance Coverage and Community Resources to Reducing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Access to Care.” Health Services Research 38: 809–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harlow, C.W. 2003. “Education and Correctional Populations.” Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, P. and A. Beck. 2003. “Prisoners in 2002.” Bureau of Justice Statistics Bulletin. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2005. “Prisoners in 2004.” U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horsburgh, C.R. Jr., J.Q. Jarvis, T. McArthur, T. Ignacio, and P. Stock. 1990. “Seroconversion to Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Prison Inmates.” American Journal of Public Health 80: 209–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hurvich, C.M., J.S. Simonoff, and C.-L. Tsai. 1998. “Smoothing Parameter Selection in Nonparametric Regression Using an Improved Akaike Information Criterion.” Journal of Royal Statistical Society, Series B 60: 271–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • International Centre for Prison Studies. 2007. “Entire World-Prison Population Rates per 100,000 of the National Population.” Available online at http://www.kcl.ac.uk/depsta/law/research/icps/worldbrief/wpb_stats.php.

  • Kochanek, K.D., J.D. Maurer, and H.M. Rosenberg. 1994. “Why Did Black Life Expectancy Decline From 1984 Through 1989 in the United States?” American Journal of Public Health 84: 938–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koehler, R.J. 1994. “HIV Infection, TB, and the Health Crisis in Corrections.” Public Administration Review 54: 31–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C.P. and M. Simmons. 2002. “Intraprison HIV Transmission: An Assessment of Whether It Occurs, How It Occurs, and Who Is at Risk.” AIDS Education and Prevention 14: 53–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeClere, F.B., R.G. Rogers, and K.D. Peters. 1997. “Ethnicity and Mortality in the United States: Individual and Community Correlates.” Social Forces 76: 169–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luy, M. 2003. “Causes of Male Excess Mortality: Insights From Cloistered Populations.” Population and Development Review 29: 647–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macalino, G.E., D. Viahov, S. Sanford-Colby, S. Patel, K. Sabin, C. Salas, and J. Rich. 2004. “Prevalence and Incidence of HIV, Hepatitis B Virus, and Hepatitis C Virus Infections Among Males in Rhode Island Prisons.” American Journal of Public Health 94: 1218–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madigan, F.C. and R.B. Vance. 1957. “Differential Sex Mortality: A Research Design.” Social Forces 35: 193–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahon, N. 1996. “New York Inmates’ HIV Risk Behaviors: The Implications for Prevention Policy and Programs.” American Journal of Public Health 86: 1211–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, D. and N. Denton. 1993. American Apartheid: Segregation and the American Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massoglia, M. 2008. “Incarceration, Health, and Racial Disparities in Health.” Law and Society Review 42: 275–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayberry, R.M., F. Mili, and E. Ofili. 2000. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Access to Medical Care.” Medical Care Research and Review 57: 108–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn, M.E. 2002. “Protective Effects of Estrogen on Cardiovascular System.” American Journal of Cardiology 89: 12E-18E.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Molla, M.T., J.H. Madans, and D.K. Wagener. 2004. “Differentials in Adult Mortality and Activity Limitation by Years of Education in the United States at the End of the 1990s.” Population and Development Review 30: 625–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mumola, C.J. 2007. “Medical Causes of Death in State Prisons, 2001–2004.” Bureau of Justice Statistics Data Brief. U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, E. and C. Steenbergen. 2007. “Gender-Based Differences in Mechanisms of Protection in Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.” Cardiovascular Research 75: 478–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mutter, R.C. 1994. “Evidence of Intraprison Spread of HIV Infection.” Archives of Internal Medicine 54: 793–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Center for Health Statistics. 2007. “Leading Causes of Death, 1900–1998.” Historical data. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novick, L.F. and E. Remmlinger. 1978. “A Study of 128 Deaths in New York City Correctional Facilities (1971–1976): Implications for Prisoner Health Care.” Medical Care 16: 749–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olivares, K.M., V.S. Burton, and F.T. Cullen. 1996. “The Collateral Consequences of a Felony Conviction: A National Study of State Legal Codes 10 Years Later.” Federal Probation 60: 10–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pager, D. 2003. “The Mark of a Criminal Record.” American Journal of Sociology 108: 937–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pampel, F.C. 2002. “Cigarette Use and the Narrowing Sex Differential in Mortality.” Population and Development Review 28: 77–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, E.J. and S.H. Preston. 2008. “Estimating Mean Length of Stay in Prison: Methods and Applications.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 24: 33–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston, S.H., P. Heuveline, and M. Guillot. 2001. Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Malden: Blackwell Publishers Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, S.H. and P. Taubman. 1998. “Socioeconomic Differences in Adult Mortality and Health Status.” Pp. 279–318 in Demography of Aging, edited by L.G. Martin and S.H. Preston. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preston, S.H. and H. Wang. 2006. “Sex Mortality Differences in the United States: The Role of Cohort Smoking Patterns.” Demography 43: 631–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puck, J.M. and H.F. Willard. 1998. “X Inactivation in Females With X-Linked Disease.” New England Journal of Medicine 338: 325–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruback, B. and C. Innes. 1988. “The Relevance and Irrelevance of Psychological Research: The Example of Prison Crowding.” American Psychologist 43: 683–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruth, H. and K. Reitz. 2003. The Challenge of Crime: Rethinking Our Response. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sabol, W. and H. Couture. 2008. “Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salive, M.E., G.S. Smith, and T.F. Brewer. 1990. “Death in Prison: Changing Mortality Patterns Among Male Prisoners in Maryland, 1979–87.” American Journal of Public Health 80: 1479–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schnittker, J. and A. John. 2007. “Enduring Stigma: The Long-Term Effects of Incarceration on Health.” Journal of Health and Social Behavior 48: 115–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.P. 2004. “Unraveling the SES-Health Connection.” Pp. 108–32 in Population and Development Review: A Supplement to Volume 30, edited by L.J. Waite.

  • Spraggins, R.E.. 2005. “We the People: Women and Men in the United States.” Census 2000 Special Reports. U.S. Census Bureau, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timio, M., P. Saronio, S. Venanzi, S. Gentilli, C. Verdura, and F. Timio. 1999. “Blood Pressure in Nuns in a Secluded Order: A 30-Year Follow-up.” Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism 25: 73–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Census Bureau. 2000. “U.S. Population Estimates by Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin: 1980 to 1999.” U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2001a. “Population Estimates for States by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin: July 1, 1991.” Population Estimates Program. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2001b. “Population Estimates for States by Age, Race, Sex, and Hispanic Origin: July 1, 1997.” Population Estimates Program. U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2003. “Table NA-EST2002-ASRO-01—Annual Resident Population Estimates of the United States by Age and Sex: April 1, 2000 to July 1, 2002.” U.S. Census Bureau, Population Division, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics. 1992a. Multiple Cause of Death, 1986 [Computer file]. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 1988. Ann Arbor, MI: Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1992b. Multiple Cause of Death, 1987 [Computer file]. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 1989. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1993. Multiple Cause of Death, 1985 [Computer file]. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 1987. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1994a. Multiple Cause of Death, 1990 [Computer file]. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1994b. Multiple Cause of Death, 1991 [Computer file]. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 1993. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1995. Multiple Cause of Death, 1992 [Computer file]. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 1994. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1999. Multiple Cause of Death, 1996 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 1998. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2001a. Multiple Cause of Death, 1997 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 1999. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2001b. Multiple Cause of Death, 1998 [Computer file]. ICPSR version. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics [producer], 2000. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. 1993. Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 1991: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1994. Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities, 1986: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997a. Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities, 1984 [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997b. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1984: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. 3rd ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997c. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1985: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. 3rd ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997d. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1986: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. 3rd ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997e. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1987: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997f. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1990: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997g. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1991: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997h. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1992: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1997i. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1993: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1998a. Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities, 1995: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1998b. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1994: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1998c. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1995: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 1998d. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1996: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2000a. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1997: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2000b. Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 1997: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2001a. Census of State and Federal Adult Correctional Facilities, 1990: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2001b. National Corrections Reporting Program, 1998: [United States] [Computer file]. Conducted by U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census. ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor].

    Google Scholar 

  • van Ryn, M. and J. Burke. 2000. “The Effect of Patient Race and Socio-economic Status on Physicians’ Perception of Patients.” Social Science and Medicine 50: 813–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waldron, I. 1995. “Contributions of Changing Gender Differences in Behavior and Social Roles to Changing Gender Differences in Mortality.” Pp. 22–45 in Men’s Health and Illness: Gender, Power, and the Body, edited by D. Sabo and D.F. Gordon. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinick, R.M., S.H. Zuvekas, and J. Cohen. 2000. “Racial and Ethnic Differences in Access to and Use of Health Care Services, 1977 to 1996.” Medical Care Research and Review 57: 36–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.R. 1999. “Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health: The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 896: 173–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.R. and C. Collins. 2001. “Racial Residential Segregation: A Fundamental Cause of Racial Disparities in Health.” Public Health Reports 16: 404–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.R. and P.B. Jackson. 2005. “Social Sources of Racial Disparities in Health.” Health Affairs 24: 325–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.R. and T.D. Rucker. 2000. “Understanding and Addressing Racial Disparities in Health Care.” Health Care Financing Review 21: 75–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, W.J. 1993. The Ghetto Underclass. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wingard, D.L., L. Suarez, and E. Barrett-Connor. 1983. “The Sex Differential in Mortality From All Causes and Ischemic Heart Disease.” American Journal of Epidemiology 117: 165–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wong, M.D., M.F. Shapiro, J. Boscardini, and S.L. Ettner. 2002. “Contribution of Major Diseases to Disparities in Mortality.” New England Journal of Medicine 347: 1585–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B351811, 37235-1811, Nashville, TN

    Evelyn J. Patterson

Authors
  1. Evelyn J. Patterson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Evelyn J. Patterson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Patterson, E.J. Incarcerating death: Mortality in U.S. state correctional facilities, 1985–1998. Demography 47, 587–607 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0123

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0123

Keywords

Search

Navigation