Abstract
A novel method for the analysis of clay minerals using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is presented. Clay mineral suspensions are dried on a Si wafer substrate for transmission infrared (IR) analysis. Four natural Source Clays from the Source Clays Repository of The Clay Minerals Society, SWy-2, SAz-1, SHCa-1 and KGa-1b, as well as the synthetic hectorite, Laponite RD, were analyzed using the described method with signal to noise (s/n) ratios in excess of 100,000 for the strongly absorbing Si-O stretching frequency. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show that the mineral films possess suitable uniformity and low surface roughness for transmission IR measurements that is confirmed by minimal deviations in the baseline of collected IR spectra. The IR spectra are generated and peak locations are compared to previously reported values, generated from KBr pellet and attenuated total reflectance methods.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Burgos, W.D., Pisutpaisal, N., Mazzarese, M.C. and Chorover, J. (2002) Adsorption of quinoline to kaolinite and montmorillonite. Environmental Engineering Science, 19, 59–68.
de Oliveira, M., Johnston, C.T., Premachandra, G.S., Teppen, B.J., Li, H., Laird, D.A., Zhu, D. and Boyd, S.A. (2005) Spectroscopic study of carbaryl sorptiononsmectite from aqueous suspension. Environmental Science & Technology, 39, 9123–9129.
Dudek, T., Środoń, J., Eberl, D.D., Elsass, F. and Uhlik, P. (2002) Thickness distributionof illite crystals inshales. I: X-ray diffraction vs. high-resolution transmission electron microscopy measurements. Clays and Clay Minerals, 50, 562–577.
Eberl, D.D., Nuesch, R., Šucha, V. and Tsipursky, S. (1998) Measurement of fundamental illite particles thickness by X-ray diffraction using PVP-10 intercalation. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 89–97.
Farmer, V.C. (1974) The Infrared Spectra of Minerals. Monograph 4, Mineralogical Society, London, pp. 1, 11–25, 306–309, 352–353.
Graf, R.T., Koenig, J.L. and Ishida, H. (1987) Comparison of FT-IR transmission, specular reflectance, and attenuated total reflectance spectra of polymers. Pp. 385–395 in: Fourier Transform Infrared Characterization of Polymers (H. Ishida, editor). Plenum Press, New York.
Hunt, J.M., Wifherd, M.P. and Bonham, L.C. (1950) Infrared absorption spectra of mineral and other inorganic compounds. Analytical Chemistry, 22, 1478–1497.
Johnston, C.T., Sheng, G., Teppen, B.J., Boyd, S.A. and de Oliveira, M.F. (2002) Spectroscopic study of dinitrophenol herbicide sorptiononsmectite. Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 5067–5074.
Karakassides, M.A., Gournis, D. and Petridis, D. (1999a) An infrared reflectance study of Si-O vibrations in thermally treated alkali-saturated montmorillonites. Clay Minerals, 34, 429–438.
Karakassides, M.A, Madejová, J., Arvaiová, B., Bourlinos, A., Petridis, D. and Komadel, P. (1999b) Location of Li(I), Cu(II), and Cd (II) in heated montmorillonite: evidence from specular reflectance infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopies. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 9, 1553–1558.
Kubicki, J.D., Itoh, M.J., Schroeter, L.M. and Apitz, S.E. (1997) Bonding mechanism of salicylic acid adsorbed onto illite clay: AnATR-FTIR and molecular orbital study. Environmental Science & Technology, 31, 1151–1156.
Lau, K.K.S., Caulfield, J.A. and Gleason, K.K. (2000a) Structure and morphology of fluorocarbonfilms grownby hot filament chemical vapor deposition. Chemistry of Materials, 12, 3032–3037.
Lau, K.K.S., Caulfield, J.A. and Gleason, K.K. (2000b) Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry of fluorocarbon films from hot filament chemical vapor deposition. Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A, 18, 2404–2411.
Madejova, J. (2003) FTIR techniques in clay mineral studies. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 31, 1–10.
Madejova, J. and Komadel, P. (2001) Baseline studies of The Clay Minerals Society Source Clays: Infrared methods. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 410–432.
Neumann, B.S. and Sansom, K.G. (1970) The study of gel formationand flocculationinaqueous clay dispersions by optical and rheological methods. Israel Journal of Chemistry, 8, 315–322.
Petit, S., Decarreau, A. and Righi, D. (2003) The use of glass slide clay-deposit for IR spectroscopy. Comptes Rendu Geoscience, 335, 737–741.
Queralt, I., Sanfeliu, T., Gomez, E. and Alvarez, C. (2001) X-ray diffraction analysis of atmospheric dust using low-background supports. Aerosol Science, 32, 453–459.
Rintoul, L., Panayiotou, S.K., George, G., Cash, G., Frost, R., Bui, T. and Fredricks, P. (1998) Fourier transform infrared spectrometry: a versatile technique for real world samples. Analyst, 123, 571–577.
Urban, M.W. (1996) Attenuated Total Reflectance Spectrometry of Polymers: Theory and Practice. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. pp. 49–70.
Weissmahr, K.W., Haderlein, S.B. and Schwarzenback, R.P. (1997) In situ spectroscopic investigations of adsorption mechanism of nitroaromatic compounds at clay minerals. Environmental Science & Technology, 31, 240–247.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Caulfield, J.A., Wells, T.A. & Miller, K.E. Novel method for transmission infrared analysis of clay minerals using silicon wafer substrates. Clays Clay Miner. 55, 213–219 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2007.0550210
Received:
Revised:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2007.0550210