Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reaction Mechanisms of Smectite Illitization Associated with Hydrothermal Alteration from Ponza Island, Italy

  • Published:
Clays and Clay Minerals

Abstract

A hydrothermally altered rhyolitic hyaloclastite from Ponza island, Italy, has four alteration zones with unique clay assemblages: (1) a non-pervasive argillic zone characterized by smectite; (2) a propylitic zone with interstratified illite-smectite (I-S) containing 10–85% illite (I); (3) a silicic zone composed of I-S with S90% I and pure illite; and (4) a sericitic zone with I-S ranging from 66% I to pure illite. Atomic force microscopy reveals abrupt changes in particle morphology with illitization, including initial changes from anhedral plates to laths and then to euhedral plates and hexagonal plates. I-S particles progressively thicken with illitization and mean particle area (basal plane) remains constant from pure smectite to I-S with 80% I. However, particle area increases from 90 to 100% illite. Computer modeling of I-S structural forms indicates octahedral cation ordering progressively changes from cis- vacant smectite to interstratified cis- and tnuis vacant I-S, and then to trans-vacant illite. In addition, polytypes progressively change from 1 Md to 1M, and then to 2M, illite. Electron-microprobe and X-ray fluoresence analyses show that I-S chemistry progressively changes during illitization, evolving toward a phengitic composition with —0.89 fixed interlayer K+ per O10(OH)2. Octahedral Mg2+ shows little change with illitization, varying from 0.3 to 0.5 cations per O,0(OH)2. The layer charge of smectite is ~0.38 equivalents per O10(OH)2.

On the basis of abrupt changes in morphology and progressive changes in polytype and chemistry, smectite illitization on Ponza involved a dissolution and recrystallization mechanism with multiple stages of nucléation and crystal growth. In this multi-step model, temperature of alteration provided the major control for the layer composition, polytype, and morphology of I-S crystallites. Other factors that may play a secondary role include: K+ availability, water-rock ratio, and permeability. Alternatively, the mechanism of I-S and illite formation at Ponza and other hydrothermal environments may occur by direct precipitation of I-S crystallites from rhyolite glass and may not involve progressive reactions of smectite precursors.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahn, J-H. and Peacor, D.R. (1986) Transmission and analytical electron microscopy of the smectite-to-illite transition. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 165–179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Altaner, S.P. and Ylagan, R.F. (1997) Comparison of stmctural models of mixed-layer illite-smectite and reaction mechanisms of smectite illitization. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 517–533.

    Google Scholar 

  • Altaner, S.P., Weiss, C.A., and Kirkpatrick, R.J. (1988) Evidence from 29Si NMR for the structure of mixed layer illitesmectite clay minerals. Nature, 331, 699–702.

    Google Scholar 

  • Awwiller, D.N. (1993) Illite-smectite formation and potassium mass transfer during burial diagenesis of mudrocks: A study from the Texas Gulf Coast Paleocene-Eocene. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 63, 501–512.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barberi, E., Borsi, S., Ferrara, G., and Innocenti, F. (1967) Contributo alia conoscenza vulcanologica e magmatologica delle Isole dell’Arcipelago Pontino. Memorie della Societa Geologica Italiana, 6, 581–606.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barronnet, A. (1982) Ostwald Ripening in solutions: The case of calcite and mica. Estudios Geologicos, 38, 185–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baronnet, A. (1992) Polytypism and stacking disorder. In Minerals and Reactions at the Atomic Scale: Transmission Electron Microscopy, P.R. Buseck, ed., Mineralogical Society of America, Chelsea, Michigan, 231–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baxter Grubb, S.M., Peacor, D.R., and Jiang, W-T. (1991) Transmission electron microscope observations of illite polytypism. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 540–550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beccaluva, L., Brotzu, P., Macciotta, G., Morbidelli, L., Serri, G., and Traversa, G. (1989) Cainozoic tectono-magmatic evolution and inferred mantle sources in the Sardo-Tyrrhenian area. In The Lithosphere in Italy, A. Boriani, M. Bonafede, G.B. Piccardo, and G.B. Vai, eds., Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, 229–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bethke, C.M., Vergo, N., and Altaner, S.P. (1986) Pathways of smectite illitization. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 125–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blum, A. (1994) Determination of illite-smectite particle morphology using scanning force microscopy. In Scanning Probe Microscopy of Clay Minerals, K.L. Nagy and A. Blum, eds., Clay Mineral Society, Boulder, Colorado, 171–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brusewitz, A. (1986) Chemical and physical properties of Paleozoic potassium bentonites from Kinnekulle, Sweden. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 442–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Capaldi, G., Civetta, L., and Gillot, P.Y. (1985) Geochronology of Plio-Pleistocene volcanic rocks from southern Italy. Rendiconti della Societa Italiana Minerologica Petrologia, 40, 25–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carmassi, M., De Rita, D., Di Filippo, M., Funiciello, R., and Sheridan, M.F. (1983) Geology and volcanic evolution of the island of Ponza, Italy. Geologica Roma, 22, 211–232.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christidis, G.E. (1995) Mechanism of illitization of bentonites in the geothermal field of Milos Island, Greece: Evidence based on mineralogy, chemistry, particle thickness and morphology. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 569–585.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christidis, G. and Dunham, A.C. (1993) Compositional variations in smectites: Part I: Alteration of intermediate volcanic rocks. A case study from Milos Island, Greece. Clay Minerals, 28, 255–273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Civetta, L., Francalanci, L., Manetti, P., and Peccerillo, A. (1989) Petrological and geochemical variations across the Roman comagmatic province: Inference on magma genesis and crust-mantle evolution. In The Lithosphere in Italy, A. Boriani, M. Bonafede, G.B. Piccardo, and G.B. Vai, eds., Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, 249–269.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clauer, N., Furlan, S., and Chaudhuri, S. (1995) The illitization process in deeply buried shales of the Gulf Coast area. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 257–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J.F. (1988) Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics, 7, 1123–1139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Marco, M.J., Ferrell, R.E., and Lowe, D.R. (1989) Polytypes of 2:1 dioctahedral micas in silicified volcaniclastic sandstones, Warrawoona group, Pilbara block, western Australia. American Journal of Science, 289, 649–660.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drits, V.A. (1987) Mixed-layer minerals: Diffraction methods and structural features. In Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Denver, 1985, L.G. Schultz, H. van Olphen, and F.A. Mumpton, eds., Clay Mineral Society, Bloomington, Indiana, 33–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drits, V.A., Plancon, A.B., Sakharov, B.A., Besson, G., Tsipursky, S.I., and Tchoubar, C. (1984) Diffraction effects calculated for structural models of K-saturated montmorillonite containing different types of defects. Clay Minerals, 19, 541–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drits, V.A., Weber, F., Salyn, A.L., and Tsipursky, S.I. (1993) X-ray identification of one-layer illite varieties: Application to the study of illites around uranium deposits of Canada. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 389–398.

    Google Scholar 

  • Drits, V.A., Salyn, A.L., and Sucha, V. (1996) Structural transformations of interstratified illite-smectite from Dolnâ Ves hydrothermal deposits: Dynamics and mechanisms. Clays and Clay Minerals, 44, 181–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberl, D.D. and Srodon, J. (1988) Ostwald ripening and interparticle-diffraction effects for illite crystals. American Mineralogist, 73, 1335–1345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberl, D.D., Srodon, J., Lee, M., Nadeau, P.H., and Northrop, H.R. (1987) Sericite from the Silverton caldera, CO: Correlation among structure, composition, origin, and particle thickness. American Mineralogist, 72, 914–935.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberl, D.D., Srodon, J., Kralik, M., Taylor, B.E., and Peterman, Z.E. (1990) Ostwald ripening of clays and metamorphic minerals. Science, 248, 474–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara, G. and Tonarini, S. (1985) Radiometric geochronology in Tuscany: Results and problems. Rendiconti della Societa Italiana Minerologica Petrologia, 40, 111–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrara, G., Giuliani, O., Tonarini, S., and Villa, I.M. (1988) Datability and isotopic disequilibrium in anatectic volcanites from San Vincenzo and Tolfa (Tuscany-Latium). Rendiconti della Societa Italiana Minerologica Petrologia, 7, 72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fornaseri, M. (1985) Geochronology of volcanic rocks from Latium (Italy). Rendiconti della Societa Italiana Minerologica Petrologia, 40, 73–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grim, R.E. and Güven, N. (1978) Bentonites: Geology, Mineralogy, Properties and Uses. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 256 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Güven, N and Grim, R. (1972) X-ray diffraction and electron optical studies on smectite and cristobalite associations. Clays and Clay Minerals, 20, 89–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajish, A. and Chandler, G.W. (1981) An experimental investigation of high-temperature interactions between seawater and rhyolite, andesite, basalt, and peridotite. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 78, 240–254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkesworth, C.J. and Vollmer, R. (1979) Crustal contamination versus enriched mantle: 143Nd/144Nd and 87Sr/86 Sr evidence from the Italian volcanics. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 69, 151–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hower, J. (1981) Shale diagenesis. In Clays and the Resource Geologist, F.J. Longstaffe, ed., Mineralogical Society of Canada, 60–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunziker, J.C., Frey, M., Clauer, N., Dalimeyer, R.D., Friedrichsen, H., Flehmig, W., Hochstrasser, K., Roggwiler, P., and Schwander, H. (1986) The evolution of illite to muscovite: Mineralogical and isotopic data from the Glarus Alps, Switzerland. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 92, 157–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, A. and Kitagawa, R. (1994) Morphological characteristics of illitic clay minerals from a hydrothermal system. American Mineralogist, 79, 700–711.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, A. and Utada, M. (1983) Further investigations of a conversion series of dioctahedral mica/smectites in the Shinzan hydrothermal alteration area, northeast Japan. Clays and Clay Minerals, 31, 401–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, A., Minato, H., and Utada, M. (1978) Mineralogical properties and occurrence of illite/montmorillonite mixed layer minerals formed from Miocene volcanic glass in Waga-Omono district. Clay Science, 5, 123–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, A., Kohyama, N., Kitagawa, R., and Watanabe T. (1987) Chemical and morphological evidence for the conversion of smectite to illite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 35, 111–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, A., Velde, B., Meunier, A., and Touchard, G. (1988) Mechanism of illite formation during smectite-to-illite conversion in a hydrothermal system. American Mineralogist, 73, 1325–1334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inoue, A., Watanabe, T., Kohyama, N., and Brusewitz, A.M. (1990) Characterization of illitization of smectite in bentonite beds at Kinnekulle, Sweden. Clays and Clay Minerals, 38, 241–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanson, B., Velde, B., and Meunier, A. (1998) Late-stage diagenesis of illitic clay minerals as seen by decomposition of X-ray diffraction patterns: Contrasted behaviors of sedimentary basins with different burial histories. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 69–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J.H., Ahn, J-H., and Peacor, D.R. (1985) Textures in layered silicates: Progressive changes through diagenesis and low-temperature metamorphism. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 55, 532–540.

    Google Scholar 

  • Li, G., Peacor, D.R., and Coombs, D.S. (1997) Transformation of smectite to illite in bentonite and associated sediments from Kaka Point, New Zealand: Contrast in rate and mechanism. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 54–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgreen, H., Jacobsen, H., and Jakobsen, H.J. (1991) Diagenetic structural transformations in North Sea Jurassic illite-smectite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 39, 54–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lombardi, G. and Mattias, P. (1981) Guidebook for the Excursions in Sardinia and Central Italy. Association pour l’Etude des Argiles (AIPEA), Rome, 96 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lonker, S.W. and Fitz Gerald, J.D. (1990) Formation of coexisting 1M and 2M polytypes in illite from an active hydrothermal system. American Mineralogist, 75, 1282–1289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupino, R. (1954) Sulla bentonite dellTsola di Ponza. La Ri- cerca Scienza, 24, 2326–2339.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lynch, F.L., Mack, L.E., and Land, L.S. (1997) Chemical and mineralogical burial-diagenesis of illite-smectite in shales and the origins of authigenic quartz and secondary porosity in sandstones. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61, 1995–2006.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marino, M.C. (1992) Caratteristiche vulcanologiche e geochimiche delle Isole di Ponza e Ventotene. Degree thesis, University of Naples, Naples, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarty, D.K. and Reynolds, R.C. (1995) Rotationally disordered illite-smectite in Paleozoic K-bentonites. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 271–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukhamet-Galeyev, A.P., Pokrovskiy, V.A., Zotov, A.V., Ivanov, I.P., and Samotoin N.D. (1985) Kinetics and mechanism of hydrothermal crystallation of 2M, muscovite: An experimental study. International Geological Review, 27, 1352–1364.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau, P.H. and Bain, D.C. (1986) Composition of some smectites and diagenetic illitic clays and implications for their origin. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 455–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau, P.H., Wilson, M.J., McHardy, W.J., and Tait, J.M. (1984) Interstratified clays as fundamental particles. Science, 225, 923–925.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nadeau, P.H., Wilson, M.J., McHardy, W.J., and Tait, J.M. (1985) The conversion of smectite to illite during diagenesis: Evidence from some illitic clays from bentonites and sandstones. Minerolgical Magazine, 49, 393–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmann, A.C.D. and Brown, G. (1987) The chemical constitution of clays. In Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals, A.C.D. Newmann and G. Brown, eds., Mineralogical Society, London, 1–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Passaglia, E., Artioli, G., Gualtieri, A., and Camevali, R. (1995) Diagenetic mordenite from Ponza, Italy. European Journal of Mineralogy, 7, 429–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, R.B. and Clayton, T. (1995) Tschermak substitution as an indicator of palaeotemperature in Silurian K-bentonites from the southern uplands of Scotland and northern Ireland. Clay Minerals, 30, 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peccerillo, A., Conticelli, S., and Manetti, P. (1987) Petrological characteristics and the genesis of the recent magmatism of southern Tuscany and northern Latium. Per Mineral, 56, 157–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pichler, H. (1965) Acid hyaloclastites. Bulletin of Volcanology, 28, 293–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poli, G. (1992) Geochemistry of Tuscan archipelago granitoids, central Italy: The role of hybridization processes in their genesis. Journal of Geology, 100, 41–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard, C.O. (1971) Semidisplacive mechanism for diagenetic alteration of montmorillonite layers to illite layers. Appendix: Geological Society of America Special Paper, 134, 79–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozzuoli, A. (1988) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of alteration products in the Pontian archipelago, Italy: I. The genesis of the Ponza bentonite. In Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Clay Mineralogy and Petrology. J. Konta, ed., Ostrava, Czechoslovakia, 89–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pozzuoli A. (1992) Genesis and time of formation of the Ponza island bentonite (Italy). Trends in Mineralogy, 1, 57–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R.C. (1980) Interstratified clay minerals. In Chemistry of Clays and Clay Minerals, A.C.D. Newmann and G. Brown, eds., Mineralogical Society, London, 249–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R.C. (1985) NEWMOD-A computer program for the calculation of basal diffraction intensities of mixed-layered clay minerals, R.C. Reynolds, 8 Brook Road, Hanover, New Hampshire, 24 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R.C. (1992) X-ray diffraction studies of illitesmectite from rocks, <1 μm randomly oriented powders, and <1 μm oriented powder aggregates: The absence of laboratory-induced artifacts. Clays and Clay Minerals, 40, 387–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R.C. (1993a) Three-dimensional X-ray powder diffraction from disordered illite: Simulations and interpretation of the diffraction patterns. In Computer Applications to X-ray Powder Diffraction Analysis of Clay Minerals, R.C. Reynolds and J.R. Walker, eds., Clay Minerals Society, Boulder, Colorado, 44–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R.C. (1993b) WILDFIRE-A Computer Program for the Calculation of Three-Dimensional Powder X-ray Diffraction Patterns for Mica Polytypes and Their Disordered Variations, R.C. Reynolds, 8 Brook Road, Hanover, New Hampshire, 66 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, R.C. and Thomson, C.H. (1993) Illite from the Potsdam sandstone of New York: A probable noncentro- symmetric mica structure. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 66–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, N.W., Hawkesworth, C.J., Parker, R.J., and Marsh, J.S. (1985) The geochemistry of potassic lavas from Vulsini, central Italy and implications for mantle enrichment processes beneath the Roman region. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 90, 244–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savelli C. (1983) Eta’ K/Ar delle principali manifestazioni riolitiche dell’isola di Ponza. Rendiconti della Societa Italiana, 6, 39–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Savelli, C. (1987) K/Ar ages and chemical data of volcanism in the western Pontine Islands (Tyrrhenian Sea). Bolletino della Societa Geologica Italiana, 106, 537–546.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shiraki, R., Sakai, H., Endoh, M., and Kishima, N. (1987) Experimental studies on rhyolite- and andesite-seawater interactions at 300°C and 1000 bars. Geochemical Journal, 21, 139–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, J.S., Hamilton, D.L., and Habesch, S. (1992a) Experimental simulation of clay precipitation within reservoir sandstones 1: Techniques and examples. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62, 508–519.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small, J.S., Hamilton, D.L., and Habesch, S. (1992b) Experimental simulation of clay precipitation within reservoir sandstones 2: Mechanism of illite formation and controls on morphology. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 62, 520–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.V. and Ribbe, P.H. (1966) X-ray emission microanalysis of rock-forming minerals III. Alkali feldspars. Journal of Geology, 74, 197–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srodori, J. and Eberl, D.D. (1984) Illite. In Micas, S.W. Bailey, ed., Mineralogical Society of America, Chelsea, Michigan, 495–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srodoh, J., Morgan, D.J., Eslinger, E.V., Eberl, D.D., and Karlinger, M.R. (1986) Chemistry of illite-smectite and endmember illite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 34, 368–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Srodon, J., Eisass, F., McHardy, W.J., and Morgan, D.J. (1992) Chemistry of illite-smectite inferred from TEM measurements of fundamental particles. Clay Minerals, 27, 137–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sucha, V., Kraus, I., Mosser, C., Hroncova, Z., Soboleva, K.A., and Siranova, V. (1992) Mixed-layer illite-smectite from the Dolna Ves hydrothermal deposit, the western Carpathians Kremnica Mts. Geologica Carpathia, 1, 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H.P. and Turi, B. (1976) High lsO igneous rocks from the Tuscan magmatic province, Italy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 55, 33–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, H.P., Gregory, R.T., and Turi, B. (1987) 18O/l6O evidence for fluid-rock interaction in the upper mantle: Data from ultramafic nodules and K-rich volcanic volcanic rocks in Italy. In Stable Isotopes at High Temperatures, H.C. Helgeson, ed., Mineralogical Society of America, Chelsea, Michigan, 1–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsipursky, S.I. and Drits, V.A. (1984) The distribution of octahedral cations in the 2:1 layers of dioctahedral smectites studied by oblique texture electron diffraction. Clay Minerals, 19, 177–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turi, B. and Taylor, H.P. (1976) Oxygen isotope studies of potassic volcanic rocks of the Roman province, central Italy. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 55, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turi, B., Taylor, H.P., and Ferrara, G. (1991) Comparisons of 18O/16O and 87Sr/86Sr in volcanic rocks from the Pontine Islands, M. Enrici, and Campania with other areas in Italy. In Stable Isotope Geochemistry: A Tribute to Samuel Epstein, H.P Taylor, J.R. O’Neil, and I.R. Kaplan, eds., The Geochemical Society, 307–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velde, B. (1965) Experimental determination of muscovite polymorph stabilities. American Mineralogist, 50, 436449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Velde, B. and Hower, J. (1963) Petrological significance of illite polymorphism in Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. American Mineralogist, 48, 1239–1254.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warshaw, C.M. (1960) Experimental studies of illite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 5, 303–316.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, G. and Northrop, H.R. (1988) Experimental investigation of the smectite to illite reaction: Dual reaction mechanisms and oxygen-isotope systematics. American Mineralogist, 73, 77–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, G. and Velde, B. (1993) Changes in particle morphology during illitization: An experimental study. Clays and Clay Minerals, 41, 209–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamagishi, H. and Dimroth, E. (1985) A comparison of Miocene and Archean rhyolite hyaloclastites: Evidence for a hot and fluid rhyolite lava flow. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 23, 337–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yau, Y-C., Peacor, D.R., and McDowell, S.D. (1987) Smectite-to-illite reactions in Salton Sea shales: A transmission and analytical electron microscopy study. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 57, 335–342.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ylagan, R.F. (1996) Mineralogy and geochemistry associated with hydrothermal alteration of a rhyolitic hyaloclastite from Ponza island, Italy. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 153 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ylagan, R.F., Altaner, S.E, and Pozzuoli, A.P (1996) Hydrothermal alteration of a rhyolitic hyaloclastite from Ponza island, Italy. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 74, 215–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielinski, R.A. (1982) The mobility of uranium and other elements during alteration of rhyolite ash to montmorillonite: A case study in the Troublesome formation, Colorado, U.S.A. Chemical Geology, 35, 185–204.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Author notes

  1. Robert F. Ylagan

    Present address: Present address: ExxonMobil Upstream Research Co., P.O. Box 2189, 77252-2189, Houston, Texas, USA

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Illinois, Department of Geology, 1301 W. Green, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA

    Robert F. Ylagan & Stephen P. Altaner

  2. Dipartimento di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Universita degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II’, Largo S. Marcellino 10, 80138, Napoli, Italy

    Antonio Pozzuoli

Authors
  1. Robert F. Ylagan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Stephen P. Altaner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Antonio Pozzuoli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Robert F. Ylagan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ylagan, R.F., Altaner, S.P. & Pozzuoli, A. Reaction Mechanisms of Smectite Illitization Associated with Hydrothermal Alteration from Ponza Island, Italy. Clays Clay Miner. 48, 610–631 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480603

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480603

Key Words

Search

Navigation