Abstract
Silcretes developed within the in situ regolith in the Barr Smith Range, Western Australia, were investigated using optical and electron-beam techniques. One of the cementing agents in these silcretes showed gel-like optical properties and had a variable aluminosilicate chemical composition at the scale of electron microprobe analysis so that it might be considered as allophane-like material. High resolution transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the material consists of a fine-grained and poorly ordered kaolinite embedded in a matrix of amorphous silica.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ahn, J. H. and Peacor, D. R. (1986) Transmission and analytical electron microscopy of the smectite-to-illite transition: Amer. Mineral. 72, 353–356.
Anand, R. R., Gilkes, R. J., Armitage, T. M., and Hillyer, J. W. (1985) Feldspar weathering in a lateritic saprolite: Clays & Clay Minerals 33, 31–43.
Baes, C. F. and Mesmer, R. E. (1976) The Hydrolysis of Cations: John Wiley, New York.
Banfield, J. F. and Eggleton, R. A. (1988) Transmission electron microscope study of biotite weathering: Clays & Clay Minerals 36, 47–60.
Butt, C. R. M. (1981) The nature and origin of the lateritic weathering mantle, with particular reference to Western Australia: in Geophysical Prospecting in Deeply Weathered Terrain, H. A. Doyle, J. E. Glover, and D. I. Groves, eds., University of Western Australia, Geol. Dept. and Extension Service, Publ., 6, 11–29.
Butt, C. R. M. (1983) Aluminosilicate cementation of saprolite, grits and silcretes in Western Australia: J. Geol. Soc. Aust. 30, 179–186.
Butt, C. R. M. (1985) Granite weathering and silcrete formation on the Yilgarn Block, Western Australia: Aust. J. Earth Sci. 32, 415–432.
Callen, R. A. (1983) Late Tertiary “grey billy” and the age and origin of surfacial silicification (silcrete) in South Australia: J. Geol. Soc. Aust. 30, 393–410.
Chadwick, O. A., Hendricks, D. M., and Nettleton, W. D. (1987a) Silica in Duric soils: I. A depositional model: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 975–982.
Chadwick, O. A., Hendricks, D. M., and Nettleton, W. D. (1987b) Silica in duric soils: II. Mineralogy: Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 51, 982–985.
Eggleton, R. A. (1987) Noncrystalline Fe-Si-Al-oxyhydrox-ides: Clays & Clay Minerals 35, 29–37.
Gilkes, R. J., Anand, R. R., and Suddhiprakarn, A. (1986) How the microfabric of soils may be influenced by the structure and chemical composition of parent minerals: in Trans. Int. Soil Sci. Conf. Hamburg 6, 1093–1106.
Gilkes, R. J., Scholz, A., and Dimmock, G. M. (1973) Lateritic deep weathering of granite: /. Soil Sci. 24, 523–536.
Gilkes, R. J. and Suddhiprakarn, A. (1979) Biotite alteration in deeply weathered granite. II. The oriented growth of secondary minerals: Clays and Clay Minerals 27, 361–367.
Hutton, J. T., Twidale, C. R., and Milnes, A. R. (1978) Characteristics and origin of some Australian silcretes: in Silcrete in Australia, T. Langford-Smith, ed., University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
Jones, J. B. and Segnit, E. R. (1971) The nature of opal. I. Nomenclature and constituent phases: J. Geol Soc. Aust. 18, 57–68.
Kahalf, F. I. (1988) Petrography and diagenesis of silcrete from Kuwait, Arabian Gulf: J. Sed. Petrol. 58, 1014–1022.
Klimentidis, R. E. and Mackinnon, I. D. R. (1986) High-resolution imaging of ordered mixed-layer clays: Clays & Clay Minerals 34, 155–164.
Langford-Smith, T. (1978) Silcretes in Australia: Monogr. Ser., Dept. Geography, University of New England, Armidale, Australia.
McCrea, A. F., Anand, R. R., and Gilkes, R. J. (1990) Min-eralogical and physical properties of lateritic pallid zone materials developed from granite and dolerite: Geoderma 47, 33–57.
Milnes, A. R. (1986) Armoured landscapes: Geology Today, 73–74.
Milnes, A. R. and Hutton, J. T. (1974) The nature of mirocryptocrystalline titania in ‘silcrete’ skins from the Beda Hill area of South Australia: Search 5, 153–154.
Milnes, A. R., and Thiry, M. (1992) Silcretes: in Weathering Soils and Paleosols, I. P. Martini and W. Chesworth, Eds., Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Norton, S. A. (1973) Laterite and bauxite formation: Econ. Geol. 68, 353–361.
Oilier, C. D. (1978) Early landform evolution: in Australia, a Geography, J. N. Jeans, ed., Sydney University Press, Sydney.
Parfitt, R. L. and Henmi, T. (1980) Structure of some al-lophanes from New Zealand: Clays & Clay Minerals 28, 285–294.
Plancon, A. and Tchoubar, C. (1977) Determination of structural defects in phyllosilicates by X-ray diffraction. Part II. Nature and proportions of defects in natural kaolin-ites: Clays & Clay Minerals 25, 436–450.
Senkayi, A. L., Dixon, J. B., Hossner, L. R., Yerima, B. P. K., and Wilding, L. P. (1985) Replacement of quartz by opaline silica during weathering of petrified wood: Clays & Clay Minerals 33, 525–531.
Singh, Balbir and Gilkes, R. J. (1991) Weathering of chro-mian muscovite to kaolinite: Clays & Clay Minerals 39, 571–579.
Singh, Balbir and Gilkes, R.J. (1992a) XP AS: An interactive computer program for analysis of powder X-ray diffraction patterns: Powder Diffraction 7, 6–10.
Singh, Balwant and Gilkes, R. J. (1992b) Properties of soil kaolinites from south-western Australia: J. Soil Sci. (in press).
Smale, D. (1973) Silcretes and associated silica diagenesis in southern Africa and Australia: J. Sed. Petrol. 43, 1077–1089.
Stephens, C. G. (1971) Laterite and silcrete in Australia: A study of the genetic relationship of laterite and silcrete and their companion materials, and their collective significance in the formation of the weathered mantle, soils, relief and drainage of the Australian continent: Geoderma 5, 5–52.
Summerfield, M. A. (1982) Distribution, nature and probable genesis of silcrete in arid and semi-arid southern Africa: in Aridic Soils and Geomorphic Processes, D. H. Yal-lon, ed., Catena Suppl. 1, 37–65.
Summerfield, M. A. (1983) Silcrete: in Chemical Sediments and Geomorphology, A. S. Goudie and K. Pye, eds., Academic Press, London, 59–91.
Thiry, M. and Milnes, A. R. (1990) Pedogenic and groundwater silcretes at Stuart Creek opal field, South Australia: J. Sed. Petrol. 61, 111–127.
Thornber, M. R., Bettenay, E., and Russell, W. G. R. (1987) A mechanism of aluminosilicate cementation to form a hardpan: Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51, 2303–2310.
Trunz, V. (1976) The influence of crystallite size on the apparent basal spacings of kaolinite: Clays & Clay Minerals 24, 84–87.
Veblen, D. R. (1983) Microstructures and mixed layering in intergrown wonestie, chlorite, talc, biotite and kaolinite: Amer. Mineral. 68, 566–580.
Veblen, D. R. and Buseck, P. R. (1980) Chain-width order and disorder in biopyriboles: Amer. Mineral. 64, 687–700.
Wada, K. (1989) Allophane and imogolite: in Minerals in Soil Environments, J. B. Dixon and S. B. Weed, eds., Soil Science Soc. America, Madison, Wisconsin.
Yau, Y. C, Anovitz, L. M., Essene, E. J., and Peacor, D. R. (1984) Phlogopite-chlorite reaction mechanisms and physical conditions during retrograde reaction in the marble formation, Franklin, New Jersey: Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 88, 299–308.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singh, B., Gilkes, R.J. & Butt, C.R.M. An Electron Optical investigation of Aluminosilicate Cements in Silcretes. Clays Clay Miner. 40, 707–721 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400610
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1992.0400610