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Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Socioeconomic Discrepancies, Contemporary Treatment Approaches and Survival Trends from the National Cancer Database

  • Health Services Research and Global Oncology
  • Published:
Annals of Surgical Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate socioeconomic discrepancies in current treatment approaches and survival trends among patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

Methods

The 2004–2015 National Cancer Database was retrospectively analyzed for histopathologically proven ICC. Treatment predictors were evaluated using multinomial logistic regression and overall survival via multivariable Cox models.

Results

Overall, 12,837 ICC patients were included. Multiple factors influenced treatment allocation, including age, education, comorbidities, cancer stage, grade, treatment center, and US state region (multivariable p < 0.05). The highest surgery rates were observed in the Middle Atlantic (28.7%) and lowest rates were observed in the Mountain States (18.4%). Decreased ICC treatment likelihood was observed for male African Americans with Medicaid insurance and those with low income (multivariable p < 0.05). Socioeconomic treatment discrepancies translated into decreased overall survival for patients of male sex (vs. female; hazard ratio [HR] 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16–1.26, p < 0.001), with low income (< $37,999 vs. ≥ $63,000 annually; HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01–1.14, p = 0.032), and with Medicaid insurance (vs. private insurance; HR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.23, p = 0.006). Both surgical and non-surgical ICC management showed increased survival compared with no treatment, with the longest survival for surgery (5-year overall survival for surgery, 33.5%; interventional oncology, 11.8%; radiation oncology/chemotherapy, 4.4%; no treatment, 3.3%). Among non-surgically treated patients, interventional oncology yielded the longest survival versus radiation oncology/chemotherapy (HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.65–0.82, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

ICC treatment allocation and outcome demonstrated a marked variation depending on socioeconomic status, demography, cancer factors, and US geography. Healthcare providers should address these discrepancies by providing surgery and interventional oncology as first-line treatment to all eligible patients, with special attention to the vulnerable populations identified in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Johannes Uhlig MD MPH, Cortlandt M. Sellers BS & Hyun S. Kim MD

  2. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany

    Johannes Uhlig MD MPH

  3. Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Charles Cha MD & Sajid A. Khan MD

  4. Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Charles Cha MD, Sajid A. Khan MD, Jill Lacy MD, Stacey M. Stein MD & Hyun S. Kim MD

  5. Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

    Jill Lacy MD, Stacey M. Stein MD & Hyun S. Kim MD

Authors
  1. Johannes Uhlig MD MPH
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  2. Cortlandt M. Sellers BS
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  3. Charles Cha MD
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  4. Sajid A. Khan MD
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  7. Hyun S. Kim MD
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Contributions

Conceptualization: JU, HSK. Methodology: JU. Validation: JU, HSK. Formal analysis: JU. Investigation: JU, CMS, HSK. Resources: CC, JL, SMS, HSK. Data curation: JU, CMS, HSK. Writing of the original draft: JU, CMS, CC, SAK, JL, SMS, HSK. Visualization: JU. Supervision: HSK. Project administration: CC, SAK, JL, SMS, HSK.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hyun S. Kim MD.

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DISCLOSURE

Johannes Uhlig, Cortlandt M. Sellers, Charles Cha, Sajid A. Khan, Jill Lacy, Stacey M. Stein, and Hyun S. Kim have no conflicts of interest to declare.

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Uhlig, J., Sellers, C.M., Cha, C. et al. Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma: Socioeconomic Discrepancies, Contemporary Treatment Approaches and Survival Trends from the National Cancer Database. Ann Surg Oncol 26, 1993–2000 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07175-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07175-4

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