Anterior Perineal PlanE for Ultralow Anterior Resection of the Rectum (The APPEAR Technique): A Video Demonstration

Abstract

Background

Sphincter-saving rectal resections have become commonplace in the surgical treatment of malignant rectal pathology. However, restoration of gastrointestinal continuity by means of conventional techniques proves technically challenging in cases of very low rectal pathology, with resultant variable requirements for a permanent stoma. The APPEAR procedure (Anterior Perineal PlanE for Ultralow Anterior Resection of the rectum) is a novel sphincter-saving resection technique to restore gastrointestinal continuity in those who would otherwise require a permanent stoma with conventional abdominal resections. It ensures that the distal rectum is excised and the anastomosis is constructed under direct vision while simultaneously preserving the anal sphincter and its somatic nerve supply in their entirety.

Indications

This procedure is indicated in the following instances: proven lower-third rectal carcinomas where anatomical restrictions prevent satisfactory rectal dissection and/or transection with a potential inadequate distal clearance margin; ileoanal pouch formation for ulcerative colitis or familial adenomatous polyposis where retained rectal tissue is at risk of future malignancy; short or strictured rectal stumps where pelvic dissection is hazardous and thus prevents restoration of gastrointestinal continuity.

Conclusions

The APPEAR technique is a feasible alternative sphincter-saving procedure to further reduce the requirement of permanent stoma in the treatment for ultralow rectal pathology; however, it is appreciated that a larger study group with long-term follow-up is required. This technique should facilitate laparoscopic rectal resection because large and distal tumors can be dissected and excised through the perineal wound, ensuring adequate distal clearance and the anastomosis constructed under vision at an appropriate level. Furthermore, the requirement for an abdominal incision is avoided, improving cosmesis.