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3D-to-4D Structures: an Exploration in Biomedical Applications

  • Review Article
  • Novel Advances in 3-D Printing Technology in Drug Delivery
  • Published:
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Abstract

3D printing is a cutting-edge technique for manufacturing pharmaceutical drugs (Spritam), polypills (guaifenesin), nanosuspension (folic acid), and hydrogels (ibuprofen) with limitations like the choice of materials, restricted size of manufacturing, and design errors at lower and higher dimensions. In contrast, 4D printing represents an advancement on 3D printing, incorporating active materials like shape memory polymers and liquid crystal elastomers enabling printed objects to change shape in response to stimuli. 4D printing offers numerous benefits, including greater printing capacity, higher manufacturing efficiency, improved quality, lower production costs, reduced carbon footprint, and the ability to produce a wider range of products with greater potential. Recent examples of 4D printing advancements in the clinical setting include the development of artificial intravesicular implants for bladder disorders, 4D-printed hearts for transplant, splints for tracheobronchomalacia, microneedles for tissue wound healing, hydrogel capsules for ulcers, and theragrippers for anticancer drug delivery. This review highlights the advantages of 4D printing over 3D printing, recent applications in manufacturing smart pharmaceutical drug delivery systems with localized action, lower incidence of drug administration, and better patient compliance. It is recommended to conduct substantial research to further investigate the development and applicability of 4D printing in the future.

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Abbreviations

3D:

3-Dimension

4D:

4-Dimension

4D-CT:

Four-dimensional computed tomography

4DRT:

4D radiation treatment

BME:

Biomedical engineering

CAD/CAM:

Computer-aided design/manufacturing

CBCT:

Cone-beam CT

CFF:

Caffeine

FDM:

Fusion deposition modeling

GelMA:

Methacrylated gelatin

GLY:

Glycerol

LAA:

Left atrial appendage

LCST:

Lower critical solution temperature

MN:

Microneedle

MNPs:

Magnetic nanoparticles

OMA:

Methacrylated alginate

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PLA:

Polylactide

PNIPAM:

Poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide)

PVA:

Poly (vinyl alcohol)

SL:

Stereolithography

SMH:

Shape memory hydrogel

SMX GRDDS:

Shape-memory expandable gastric retentive drug-delivery device

UV:

Ultraviolet

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Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr. Pravin Shende for their patient instruction, passionate support, and proofreading of the review article.

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  1. Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, SVKM’S NMIMS, V. L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai, India

    Kadambari Borse & Pravin Shende

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All the authors contributed equally. Dr. Pravin Shende: conceptualization and supervision. Ms. Kadambari Borse: data curation, writing — original draft preparation, reviewing, and editing.

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Correspondence to Pravin Shende.

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Borse, K., Shende, P. 3D-to-4D Structures: an Exploration in Biomedical Applications. AAPS PharmSciTech 24, 163 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-023-02626-4

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