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Plaster Gel Loaded with Silver Nanoparticle-Mediated Ganoderma applanatum: from Fabrication to Evaluation

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Abstract

Traditional Asian remedies have mainly employed the macrofungus Ganoderma applanatum, which belongs to the family Ganodermataceae, as a medicinal mushroom due to its high antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Extracts of the fungus can be synthesized into nanoparticles, which are subsequently produced as plaster gels. Synthesized silver nanoparticle-mediated G. applanatum was discovered to have the greatest ability to inhibit bacterial growth in S. epidermidis. When applied to the skin, the prepared plaster gel converted from a gel to a film; thus, both gel and film generation are characteristic of its formulation. The plaster gel that was made was found to be consistent and attractive, and the yellow color had darkened. Its viscosity and pH were appropriate for the application and allowed it to remain on the skin without dripping or reacting with the skin until it dried. A shorter duration for film formation is possible. The film’s tensile was slightly reduced, and it exhibited excellent thermal stability. Decomposition of the generated film occurred at a slower rate, which constrained the polymer chain's ability to move. The semi-crystalline structure was characteristic of the film. It was found that particles were distributed in the film. Rapid release from plaster gel within 4 h was seen, and this was followed by a period of a slowly declining release rate over 12 h. The accurate first-order kinetic used to estimate the release rate of the formulation. The plaster gel demonstrated greater antibacterial activity than the MIC value indicated. The in vivo evaluation was positive and showed no skin irritation. The formulation showed good stability. Therefore, this indicated that the prepared plaster gel is appropriate for topical pharmaceutical delivery and safe for skin application.

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Acknowledgements

The College of Pharmacy and the Research Institute of Rangsit University, Thailand, provided funding for the project (grant number 25/2565). The authors acknowledge Wisawin Hruetrakoon, Kroekkiat Kaewma, Chanchai Suwanlaong, and Jessada Prasomkij as their study assistants. This paper has been proofread in English by the MDPI service, which is financed by Rangsit University's Research Institute.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Muang, 12000, Pathum Thani, Thailand

    Pattwat Maneewattanapinyo & Jirapornchai Suksaeree

  2. Drug and Herbal Product Research and Development Center, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Muang, 12000, Pathum Thani, Thailand

    Chaowalit Monton & Thaniya Wunnakup

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat-Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand

    Wiwat Pichayakorn

  4. Faculty of Agro and Bio Industry, Cosmetic Technology and Dietary Supplement Products Program, Thaksin University, Ban Pa Phayom, 93210, Phatthalung, Thailand

    Nattakan Dangmanee

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  1. Pattwat Maneewattanapinyo
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Contributions

Pattwat Maneewattanapinyo and Chaowalit Monton: Paper conception, research, data processing, data analysis, preparation of figures, discussion of results, and paper writing. Wiwat Pichayakorn, Thaniya Wunnakup, and Nattakan Dangmanee: Research, data analysis, data processing, and discussion of results. Jirapornchai Suksaeree: Advising professor, paper conception, research, data processing, data analysis, preparation of graphs and figures, literature review, discussion of results, paper writing, and critical revision and final approval of the article.

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Correspondence to Jirapornchai Suksaeree.

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The Rangsit University Ethics Committee provided its ethical approval (No. RSUERB2022-122, December 6, 2022) for all operations involving healthy human volunteers. All procedures followed to the ICH-GCP, the CIOMS Guideline, the Belmont Report, and the Declaration of Helsinki.

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Maneewattanapinyo, P., Monton, C., Pichayakorn, W. et al. Plaster Gel Loaded with Silver Nanoparticle-Mediated Ganoderma applanatum: from Fabrication to Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 24, 105 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1208/s12249-023-02566-z

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